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NCCPT 2022 > Biomechanics > Flashcards

Biomechanics Flashcards

1
Q

Define “frontal plane”.

A

An imaginary line that divides the body into anterior and posterior halves.

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2
Q

Define “sagital plane”.

A

An imaginary line that divides the body into left and right halves.

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3
Q

Define “transverse plane”.

A

An imaginary line that divides the body into inferior and superior halves.

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4
Q

Define the term “range of motion (ROM)”.

A

The measurement of movement around a specific joint or body part.

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5
Q

List movements in the frontal plane.

A
  1. Abduction and adduction of the shoulder
  2. Abduction and adduction of the hip
  3. Inversion and eversion of the ankle
  4. Flexion and extension of the trunk
  5. Depression and elevation of the scapula
  6. Upward and downward rotation of the scapula
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6
Q

List movements in the sagital plane.

A
  1. Flexion and extension of the elbow
  2. Flexion, extension, and hyperextension of the hip
  3. Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion of the ankle
  4. Flexion and extension of the knee
  5. Flexion and extension of the trunk
  6. Flexion and extension of the shoulder
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7
Q

List movements in the transverse plane.

A
  1. Horizontal abduction and adduction of the shoulder
  2. Lateral rotation and medial rotation of the hip
  3. Internal and external rotation of the shoulder
  4. Rotation of the torso
  5. Rotation of the head and neck
  6. Protraction and retraction of the scapula
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8
Q

Define balance.

A

An even distribution of weight enabling someone or something to maintain its center of gravity within a base of support.

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9
Q

Define equilibrium.

A

A state in which opposing forces or influences are balanced.

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10
Q

What is stability?

A

The ability to control and maintain control of joint movement or body position.

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11
Q

Define center of gravity.

A

The hypothetical position in the body where the combined mass appears to be concentrated and the point around which gravity appears to act.

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12
Q

Define base of support.

A

The area beneath an object or person that includes every point of contact that the object or person makes with the supporting surface.

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13
Q

What does the word “isometric” mean?

A

Tension without joint movement.

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14
Q

What is dynamic balance?

A

The ability to remain upright and balanced when the body and/or arms and legs are in motion.

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15
Q

What are four types of movement?

A
  1. Sustained force movement
  2. Dynamic balance movement
  3. Ballistic movement
  4. Guided movement
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16
Q

What is sustained force movement?

A

Sustained force movement is where continuous muscle contractions occur to keep moving a weight.

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17
Q

What is dynamci balance movement?

A

Dynamic balance movement is where constant agonist-antagonist muscle contractions occur to maintain a certain position or posture.

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18
Q

What is ballistic movement?

A

Ballistic movement is where inertial movement exists after an explosive or quick, maximum-force contraction; here is pre-tensing of the muscle in the eccentric contraction so the muscle can contract concentrically with maximum speed and quickness.

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19
Q

What is guided movement?

A

Guided movement occurs when both the agonist and the antagonist contract to control the movement.

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20
Q

Receptors in the joints, muscles, and tendons help you know where your body is in space. This is called… (?)

A

Kinesthesis

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21
Q

Define static balance.

A

The ability to remain upright and balanced when the body is at rest.

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22
Q

Define mass.

A

The amount of matter in an object.

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23
Q

Define weight.

A

The gravitational force of attraction on an object.

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24
Q

What is line of gravity?

A

A vertical line straight through the center of gravity.

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25
Q

What is center of gravity?

A

the point at which both body mass and weight are equally distributed.

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26
Q

Describe the difference between joint mobility and joint stability.

A

Joint mobility is the degree of movement around a joint before movement is restricted by surrounding tissues, whereas joint stability is the ability of the muscles around a joint to control movement or hold the joint in a fixed (stable) position.

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27
Q

Name some joints that typically need greater mobility.

A
  1. Foot/ankle
  2. Hip
  3. Thoracic spine
  4. Shoulder
  5. Wrist.
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28
Q

Name some joints that typically need greater stability.

A
  1. Knee
  2. Lumbar spine
  3. Cervical spine
  4. Elbow
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29
Q

What is the name for the laws of physics describing movement?

A

Laws of motion. (Sir Isaac Newton)

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30
Q

What do the laws of motion relate to?

A
  • These laws of physics relate an object’s motion to the forces acting on it and gravity.
  • The laws of physics describing movement.
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31
Q

What is Newton’s first law of motion?

A

Intertia: a body in motion tends to stay in motion while a body at rest tends to stay at rest unless acted on by an outside force.

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32
Q

What is the term for the interaction that creates work or physical change?

A

Force

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33
Q

What are the components of force?

A
  1. Magnitude
  2. Direction
  3. Point of application
  4. Line of action
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34
Q

Define intertia.

A

The resistance to action or change and describes the acceleration and deceleration of the human body.

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35
Q

What is Newton’s second law?

A

Acceleration.
a. a change in acceleration of mass occurs in the same direction of the force causing it.
b. the change of acceleration is directly proportional to the force causing it and inversely proportional to the mass of the body.

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36
Q

Define velocity.

A

The speed of an object and the direction it takes while moving.

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37
Q

What is the term for the representation of the inverse relationship between force and velocity in muscle contraction?

A

Force-velocity curve

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38
Q

How is power calculated?

A

Force x Velocity = Power

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39
Q

How is force calculated?

A

Mass x Acceleration = Force

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40
Q

Define momentum.

A

The quantity of motion of a moving body, measured as a product of its mass and velocity.

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41
Q

What is Newton’s third law?

A

For every action, there is an opposite and equal reaction.

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42
Q

What is Ground Reaction Force (GRF)?

A

The force the ground exerts on a body it is in contact with.

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43
Q

What is the name for the resistance of relative motion that one surface or object encounters when moving over another?

A

Friction

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44
Q

Name the three types of force that can occur between two objects and their definitions.

A
  1. Compression force: The force of two surfaces pressing toward one another.
  2. Tensile force: The force when two surfaces pull apart from one another.
  3. Shear force: The force of two surfaces moving across one another.
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45
Q

Name the types of motion for human movement and define each.

A
  1. Linear motion: Movement along a line, straight or curved.
  2. Angular motion: Rotation around an axis.
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46
Q

What is the point of rotation around which a lever moves?

A

Axis

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47
Q

Define displacement.

A

The distance an object is moved (displaced) from a starting point.

48
Q

Name the three types of friction.

A
  1. Static
  2. Sliding
  3. Rolling
49
Q

What is the study of forces acting on a mechanism?

A

Kinetics

50
Q

What are the categories of biomechanics?

A
  1. Stability
  2. Maximum effort (maximum amount of force or velocity)
  3. Linear motion
  4. Angular motion
51
Q

What is “mechanical advantage”?

A

The ratio of force that creates meaningful movement compared to the force applied to generate the movement.

52
Q

Define “work”.

A

Force times distance measured in foot-pounds.
W = F x D

53
Q

Define “power”.

A

The combination of strength and speed—the ability for a muscle to generate maximal tension as quickly as possible.

54
Q

What is mechanical work?

A

The amount of energy transferred by a force, the product of force and distance.

55
Q

What are the most common mechanical machines within the human body?

A

Levers

56
Q

What is the point on which a lever rests or is supported and on which it pivots?

A

Fulcrum

57
Q

What is the portion of the lever arm between the applied effort and the axis?

A

Effort arm

58
Q

What is the rigid bar portion of a lever that rotates around the fulcrum?

A

Lever arm

59
Q

What is the portion of the lever arm between the load and the axis?

A

Resistance arm

60
Q

What is the perpendicular distance between the fulcrum and the line of the force being applied?

A

Moment arm.

61
Q

Describe a first-class lever.

A

The fulcrum (axis) is located between the effort and the load (resistance). (Like a seesaw)

62
Q

Describe a second-class lever.

A

The load (resistance) is located between the fulcrum (axis) and the effort. (wheelbarrow or landmine exercise)

63
Q

Describe a third-class lever.

A

The effort is between the fulcrum (axis) and the load (resistance). (Shoveling dirt or paddling a boat). Most levers in the human body are third-class levers.

64
Q

What type of lever is the following?

A

First-class

65
Q

What type of lever is the following?

A

Second-class

66
Q

What type of lever is the following?

A

Third-class

67
Q

Define torque.

A
  1. Force applied that results in rotation about an axis.
  2. Force applied rotationally.
68
Q

The movement around a fixed axis moving in a curved path is called… (?)

A

Rotary motion

69
Q

Describe the origin and insertion of a muscle.

A

The origin of a muscle is where it attaches to a bone, closest to the midline of the body (proximal). The insertion point is the opposite end of the muscle, the distal end (farther from the midline). Some muscles, like the biceps brachii have multiple bundles of muscles referred to as the different heads of the muscle. They have separate origins but share the same insertion.

70
Q

What is another term for the primary muscle used for a mechanical movement?

A

Agonist

71
Q

What is the term for muscle(s) supporting the mechanical movement of a prime mover?

A

Synergists

72
Q

What is the term for muscle(s) opposing the mechanical movement of a prime mover?

A

Antagonist

73
Q

What is Sherrington’s Law of Reciprocal Inhibition?

A

A law that states that for every muscle activation, there is a corresponding inhibition of the opposing muscle.

74
Q

What are stabilizer muscles?

A

The muscles playing the role of stabilizing or minimizing joint movement.

75
Q

What is length-tension relationship?

A

The amount of tension a muscle can produce with respect to its length.

76
Q

What is force-couple relationship?

A

Two or more muscles acting in different directions that influence the rotation of a joint in a specific direction.

77
Q

Define muscle synergies.

A

The activation of a group of muscles to generate movement around a particular joint.

78
Q

Label the following diagram.

A
79
Q

Give the origin, insertion, action and innervation of the biceps brachii.

A
  • Origin: Long head - supraglenoid tubercle above the superior lip of the glenoid fossa; Short head - coracoid process of the scapula and upper lip of the glenoid fossa.
  • Insertion: tuberosity of the radius and bicipital aponeruosis.
  • Action: flexion of the elbow, supination of the forearm, weak flexion of the shoulder joint.
  • Innervation: musculotocutaneous nerve (C5, C6)
80
Q

Give the origin, insertion, action and innervation of the brachialis.

A
  • Origin: distal half of anterior portion of humerus.
  • Insertion: coronoid process of the ulna.
  • Action: flexion of the elbow.
  • Innervation: musculocutaneous nerve (C5, C6)
81
Q

Give the origin, insertion, action and innervation of the brachioradialis.

A
  • Origin: distal two-thirds of the lateral condyloid ridge of the humerus.
  • Insertion: lateral surfact, distal end of the radius at the styloid process.
  • Action: flexion of the elbow, pronation from supinated to neutral position, supination from pronation to nutral position.
  • Innervation: radial nerve (C5, C6)
82
Q

Give the origin, insertion, action and innervation of the triceps brachii.

A
  • Origin: Long head - infraglenoid tubercle below inferior lip of the glenoid fossa of the scapula; Lateral head - upper half of posterior surface of the humerus; Medial head - distal two-thirds of the posterior surface of the humerus.
  • Insertion: olecranon process of the ulna.
  • Action: Long head - adduction of the shoulder joint, extension of the elbow; All heads are involved in the extension of the elbow.
  • Innervation: radial nerve (C7, C8)
83
Q

Give the origin, insertion, action and innervation of the anconeus.

A
  • Origin: posterior surface of the lateral condyle of the humerus.
  • Insertion: posterior surface of the olecranon process of the ulna.
  • Action: extension of the elbow.
  • Innervation: radial nerve (C7, C8)
84
Q

Give the origin, insertion, action and innervation of the anterior deltoid.

A
  • Origin: anterior lateral third of the clavicle.
  • Insertion: deltiod tuberosity on the lateral humerus.
  • Action: abduction, flexion, horizontal adduction, and internal rotation of the glenohumeral joint.
  • Innervation: axillary nerve (C5, C6)
85
Q

Give the origin, insertion, action and innervation of the middle deltoid.

A
  • Origin: lateral aspects of the acromion.
  • Insertion: deltoid tuberosity on the lateral humerus.
  • Action: abduction of the glenohumeral joint.
  • Innervation: axillary nerve (C5, C6)
86
Q

Give the origin, insertion, action and innervation of the posterior deltoid.

A
  • Origin: inferior edge of the spine of the scapula.
  • Insertion: deltoid tuberosity on the lateral humerus.
  • Action: abduction, extension, horizontal abduction, and external rotation of glenohumeral joint.
  • Innervation: axillary nerve (C5, C6)
87
Q

Give the origin, insertion, action and innervation of the coracobrachialis.

A
  • Origin: coracoid process of the scapula.
  • Insertion: medial border of the middle humeral shaft.
  • Action: flexion, adduction, and horizontal adduction of glenohumeral joint.
  • Innervation: musculocutaneous (C5 - C7)
88
Q

Give the origin, insertion, action and innervation of the supraspinatus.

A
  • Origin: medial two-thirds of supraspinatus fossa.
  • Insertion: superiorly on the greater tubercle of the humerus.
  • Action: weak abduction and stabilization of the humeral head in the glenoid fossa.
  • Innervation: suprescapular nerve (C5)
89
Q

Give the origin, insertion, action and innervation of the infraspinatus.

A
  • Origin: medial aspect of the infraspinatus fossa just below the spine of the scapula.
  • Insertion: posteriorly on the greater tubercle of the humerus.
  • Action: external rotation, horizontal abduction and extension of the glenohumeral joint; stabilization of the humeral head in the glenoid fossa.
  • Innervation: suprascapular nerve (C5, C6)
90
Q

Give the origin, insertion, action and innervation of the teres minor.

A
  • Origin: posteriorly on the middle, upper aspect of the lateral border of the scapula.
  • Insertion: posteriorly on the greater tubercle of the humerus.
  • Action: external rotation, horizontal abduction, and extensiou of the glenohumeral joint; stabilization of the humeral head in the glenoid fossa.
  • Innervation: axillary nerve (C5, C6)
91
Q

Give the origin, insertion, action and innervation of the subscapularis.

A
  • Origin: entire anterior surface of the subscapular fossa.
  • Insertion: lesser tubercle of the humerus.
  • Action: internal rotation, adduction, and extersion of the glenohumeral joint; stabilization of the humeral head in the glenoid fossa.
  • Innervation: upper and lower subscapular nerve (C5, C6)
92
Q

Give the origin, insertion, action and innervation of the teres major.

A

Origin: posteriorly on the inferior third of the lateral border of the scapula and slightly superior to the inferior angle.
Insertion: medial lip of the intertubercular groove of the humerus.
Action: extension, internal rotation, and adduction of the glenohumeral joint.
Innervation: lower subscapular nerve (C5, C6)

93
Q

Give the origin, insertion, action and innervation of the latissimus dorsi.

A
  • Origin: posterior crest of ilium, back of the sacrum, and spinous process of the lumbar and lower T6 - T12 vertebrae, slips from the lower three ribs.
  • Insertion: medial side of the intertubercular groove of the humerus.
  • Action: adduction, extension, and internal rotation of the glenohumeral joint; horizontal abduction of the glenohumeral joint.
  • Innervation: thoracodorsal nerve (C6 - C8).
94
Q

Give the origin, insertion, action and innervation of the rhomboid.

A
  • Origin: spinous process of C7 and T1 - T5.
  • Insertion: medial border of the scapula below the spine.
  • Action: (retraction) draw the scapula toward the spinal column (downward rotation; elevation).
  • Innervation: dorsal scapula nerve (C5).
95
Q

Give the origin, insertion, action and innervation of the trapezius.

A
  • Origin: upper - base of the skull, occipital protuberance, and posterior ligaments of the neck; middle - spinous process of C7 and T1 - T3; lower - spinous process of T4 - T12.
  • Insertion: upper - posterior aspect of the lateral clavicle; middle - medial border of the acromion process and upper border of acromion; lower - base of the scapular spine (triangular shape).
  • Action: upper - scapula elevation and extension of the head at the neck; middle - elevation, upward rotation, and adduction of the scapula; lower - depression adduction and upward rotation of the scapula.
  • Innervation: upper - accessory nerve (cranial nerve XI and branches of C3, C4); middle - accessory nerve (cranial nerve XI and branches of C3, C4); lower - accessory nerve (cranial nerve XI and branches of C3, C4).
96
Q

Give the origin, insertion, action and innervation of the levator scapulae.

A
  • Origin: transverse process of C1 - C4.
  • Insertion: above the base of the scapular spine on the medial border.
  • Action: elevates medial margin of scapulae.
  • Innervation: dorsal scapular nerve C5 and branches of C3 and C4.
97
Q

Give the origin, insertion, action and innervation of the rectus abdominis.

A
  • Origin: superior surface of pubis around the symphysis.
  • Insertion: inferior surfaces of the costal cartilages (ribs 5-7) and xiphoid process of the sternum.
  • Action: depresses ribs and flexes vertebral column.
  • Innervation: thoricic spinal nerves (T7 - T12).
98
Q

Give the origin, insertion, action and innervation of the transversus abdominis.

A
  • Origin: cartilages of the lower ribs, iliac crest, and lumbodorsal fascia.
  • Insertion: linea alba and pubis.
  • Action: compresses abdomen.
  • Innervation: intercostal iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves.
99
Q

Give the origin, insertion, action and innervation of the external oblique.

A
  • Origin: external and inferior borders of ribs 5-12.
  • Insertion: linea alba and iliac crest.
  • Action: compresses abdomen; depresses ribs; flexes, bends to side; or rotates the spine.
  • Innervation: intercostal iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves.
100
Q

Give the origin, insertion, action and innervation of the internal oblique.

A
  • Origin: lumbodorsal fascia and iliac crest.
  • Insertion: inferior surfaces of ribs 9-12, costal cartilages 8-10, linea alba, and pubis.
  • Action: compresses abdomen; depresses ribs; flexes, bends to side; or rotates spine.
  • Innervation: intercostal iliohypogastric and ilionguinal nerves.
101
Q

Give the origin, insertion, action and innervation of the serratus anterior.

A
  • Origin: surface of upper nine ribs at the side of the chest.
  • Insertion: anterior aspect along entire length of medial border of scapula.
  • Action: (Protraction) draws medial border of scapulae away from vertebrae (upward rotation).
  • Innervation: long thoracic nerve (C5-C7)
102
Q

Give the origin, insertion, action and innervation of the pectoralis major.

A
  • Origin: clavicular - medial half of the anterior surface of the clavicle; sternal - anterior surfaces of the costal cartilage of the first six ribs and adjacent portion of the sternum.
  • Insertion: clavicular - flat tendon 2 or 3 inches wide to the outer lip of the intertubercular; sternal - groove of the humerus.
  • Action: clavicular - internal rotation, horizontal adduction, flexion abduction, and adduction (when the arm is 90 degrees of abduction of the glenohumeral joint); sternal - internal rotation, horizontal adduction, extension, and adduction of the glenohumeral joint.
  • Innervation: clavicular - lateral pectoral nerve (C5 - C7); sternal - medial pectoral nerve (C8, T1).
103
Q

Give the origin, insertion, action and innervation of the pectoralis minor.

A
  • Origin: anterior surfaces of ribs o3-5.
  • Insertion: coracoid process of the scapula.
  • Action: (Protraction) draws the scapula forward (downward rotation; depression)
  • Innervation: medial pectoral nerve (C8, T1)
104
Q

Give the origin, insertion, action and innervation of the subclavius.

A
  • Origin: sternal end of the first rib.
  • Insertion: underside of the middle third of the clavicle.
  • Action: depresses the clavilce and elevates the first rib.
  • Innervation: subclavian nerve C5, C6)
105
Q

Give the origin, insertion, action and innervation of the rectus femoris.

A
  • Origin: Anterior iliac spine of the ilium and the groove (posterior) above the acetabulum.
  • Insertion: superior aspect of the patella and the patellar tendon to tibial tuberosity.
  • Action: flexion of the hip, extension of the knee.
  • Innervation: femoral nerve (L2 - L4)
105
Q

Give the origin, insertion, action and innervation of the rectus femoris.

A
  • Origin: Anterior iliac spine of the ilium and the groove (posterior) above the acetabulum.
  • Insertion: superior aspect of the patella and the patellar tendon to tibial tuberosity.
  • Action: flexion of the hip, extension of the knee.
  • Innervation: femoral nerve (L2 - L4)
106
Q

Give the origin, insertion, action and innervation of the gluteus maximus.

A
  • Origin: posterior quarter of the crest of the ilium, the posterior surface of the sacrum and coccyx near the ilium, and the fascia of the lumbar area.
  • Insertion: oblique ridge on the lateral surface of the greater trochanter and the iliotibial band of the fasciae.
  • Action: extension of the hip and external rotation of the hip, lower fibers that assist in adduction.
  • Innervation: inferior gluteal nerve (L5, S1 - S2).
107
Q

Give the origin, insertion, action and innervation of the semitendinosus.

A
  • Origin: ischial tuberosity.
  • Insertion: upper anterior medial surface of the tibia.
  • Action: extension of the hip, flexion of the knee, and internal rotation of the hip and knee.
  • Innervation: sciatic nerve - tibial division (L5, S1-S2).
108
Q

Give the origin, insertion, action and innervation of the semimembranosus.

A
  • Origin: ischial tuberosity.
  • Insertion: posteromedial surface of the medial tibial condyle.
  • Action: extension of the hip, flexion of the knee, and internal rotation of the hip and knee.
  • Innervation: sciatic nerve - tibial division (L5, S1-S2).
109
Q

Give the origin, insertion, action and innervation of the biceps femoris.

A
  • Origin: long head - ischial tuberosity, short head - lower half of the linea aspera and the lateral condyloid ridge.
  • Insertion: lateral condyle of the tibia and the head of the fibula.
  • Action: extension of the hip, flexion of the knee, and internal rotation of the hip and knee.
  • Innervation: long head - sciatic nerve - tibial division (S1-S3), short head - sciatic nerve - peroneal division (L5, S1-S2).
110
Q

Give the origin, insertion, action and innervation of the vastus lateralis.

A
  • Origin: intertrochanteric line, anterior and inferior borders of the greater trochanter gluteal tuberosity, upper half of the linea aspera, and entire lateral intermuscular septum.
  • Insertion: lateral border of the patella and patellar tendon to tibial tuberosity.
  • Action: knee extension.
  • Innervation: femoral nerve (L2-L4)
110
Q

Give the origin, insertion, action and innervation of the vastus lateralis.

A
  • Origin: intertrochanteric line, anterior and inferior borders of the greater trochanter gluteal tuberosity, upper half of the linea aspera, and entire lateral intermuscular septum.
  • Insertion: lateral border of the patella and patellar tendon to tibial tuberosity.
  • Action: knee extension.
  • Innervation: femoral nerve (L2-L4)
111
Q

Give the origin, insertion, action and innervation of the vastus intermedius.

A
  • Origin: upper two-thirds of the anterior surface of the femur.
  • Insertion: upper border of the patella and patellar tendon to tibial tuberosity.
  • Action: knee extension.
  • Innervation: femoral nerve (L2-L4)
112
Q

Give the origin, insertion, action and innervation of the vastus medialis.

A
  • Origin: entire length of the linea aspera and the medial condyloid ridge.
  • Insertion: medial half of the upper border of the patella and patellar tendon to the tibial tuberosity.
  • Action: knee extension.
  • Innervation: femoral nerve (L2-L4)
113
Q

Give the origin, insertion, action and innervation of the gastrocnemius.

A
  • Origin: medial head - posterior surface of the medial femoral condyle; lateral head - posterior surface of the lateral femoral condyle.
  • Insertion: posterior surface of the calcaneus (achilles tendon)
  • Action: plantar flexion of the ankle and flesion of the knee.
  • Innervaion: tibial nerves (S1, S2)
114
Q

Give the origin, insertion, action and innervation of the soleus.

A
  • Origin: posterior surface of the proximal fibula and proximal two-thirds of the posterior tibial surface.
  • Insertion: posterior surface of the calcaneus (achilles tendon).
  • Action: plantar flexion of the ankle.
  • Innervaion: tibial nerves (S1, S2).
115
Q

Give the origin, insertion, action and innervation of the tibialis anterior.

A
  • Origin: upper two-thirds of the later surface of the tibia.
  • Insertion: inner surface of the medial cuneform and the first metatarsal bone.
  • Action: dorsal flexion of the ankle and inversion of the foot.
  • Innervaion: deep peroneal nerve (L4-L5, S1).

NCCPT 2022 (11 decks)

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