Functional Anatomy Flashcards
What does the anatomical term “anterior” or “ventral” mean?
Front of the body or toward the front relative to another reference point.
What does the anatomical term “posterior” or “dorsal” mean?
Back of the body or toward the back relative to another reference point.
What does the anatomical term “superior” mean?
Above a reference point
What does the anatomical term “inferior” mean?
Below a reference point
What does the anatomical term “proximal” mean?
Position closer to the center of the body relative to a reference point
What does the anatomical term “distal” mean?
Position farther from the reference point
What does the anatomical term “medial” mean?
Position relatively closer to the midline of the body
What does the anatomical term “lateral” mean?
Position relatively farther from the midline of the body
What does the anatomical term “prone” mean?
Lying facedown
What does the anatomical term “supine” mean?
Lying on one’s backside
What does the anatomical term “deep” mean?
Further beneath the surface relative to another reference point
What does the anatomical term “superficial” mean?
Closer to the surface relative to another reference point
What does the anatomical term “unilateral” mean?
Refers to only one side
What does the anatomical term “bilateral” mean?
Refers to both sides
What does the anatomical term “ipsilateral” mean?
On the same side
What does the anatomical term “contralateral” mean?
On the opposite side
What does the anatomical term “caudal” mean?
Toward the bottom
What does the anatomical term “cephalic” mean?
Toward the head
What does the anatomical term “volar” mean?
Relating to the palm of the hand or sole of the foot
What does the anatomical term “abduction” mean?
Movement away from the midline
What does the anatomical term “adduction” mean?
Movement toward the midline
What does the anatomical term “flexion” mean?
Movement decreasing the angle between two body parts
What does the anatomical term “extension” mean?
Movement increasing the angle between two body parts
What does the anatomical term “lateral flexion” mean?
Flexion in the frontal plane
What does the anatomical term “protraction” mean?
Abduction of the scapula
What does the anatomical term “retraction” mean?
Adduction of the scapula
What does the anatomical term “elevation” mean?
Movement in a superior direction
What does the anatomical term “depression” mean?
Movement in a inferior direction
What does the anatomical term “plantar flexion” mean?
Extension of the foot downward (inferiorly)
What does the anatomical term “dorsiflexion” mean?
Flexion of the foot upward (superiorly)
What does the anatomical term “external rotation” mean?
Rotational movement away from the midline
What does the anatomical term “internal rotation” mean?
Rotational movement toward the midline
What does the anatomical term “circumduction” mean?
Circular movement of a limb extending from the joint where the movement is controlled
What does the anatomical term “inversion” mean?
Movement of the sole of the foot toward the median plane
What does the anatomical term “eversion” mean?
Movement of the sole of the foot away from the median plane
What does the anatomical term “pronation” mean?
Turning the palm or arch of the foot down
What does the anatomical term “supination” mean?
Turning the palm or arch of the foot up
What does the anatomical term “hyperextension” mean?
Position that extends beyond anatomical neutral
What does the anatomical term “ipsilateral” mean in reference to movement?
Same-side movement
What does the anatomical term “contralateral” mean in reference to movement?
Opposite-side movement
What does the anatomical term “lateral” mean in reference to movement?
Situated away from the midline
What does the anatomical term “medial” mean in reference to movement?
Situated toward or closer to the midline
Define “frontal plane”.
An imaginary line that divides the body into anterior and posterior halves.
Define “sagital plane”.
An imaginary line that divides the body into left and right halves.
Define “transverse plane”.
An imaginary line that divides the body into inferior and superior halves.
Define the term “range of motion (ROM)”.
The measurement of movement around a specific joint or body part.
List movements in the frontal plane.
- Abduction and adduction of the shoulder
- Abduction and adduction of the hip
- Inversion and eversion of the ankle
- Flexion and extension of the trunk
- Depression and elevation of the scapula
- Upward and downward rotation of the scapula
List movements in the sagital plane.
- Flexion and extension of the elbow
- Flexion, extension, and hyperextension of the hip
- Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion of the ankle
- Flexion and extension of the knee
- Flexion and extension of the trunk
- Flexion and extension of the shoulder
List movements in the transverse plane.
- Horizontal abduction and adduction of the shoulder
- Lateral rotation and medial rotation of the hip
- Internal and external rotation of the shoulder
- Rotation of the torso
- Rotation of the head and neck
- Protraction and retraction of the scapula
