The Skeletal & Muscular System Flashcards
What are five functions of bones?
- Form a sturdy framework, 2. Protect delicate structures such as the brain and spinal cord. 3. Work as levers with attached muscles to produce movement 4. Store calcium salts, which may be resorted into the blood if the calcium is needed. 5. Produce blood cells(in the red marrow).
The axial skeleton includes:
Head, torso
The appendicular skeleton includes:
Extremities
A cell that reabsorbs bone matrix( breakdown of bone tissue):
Osteoclast
A mature cell that is completely surrounded by hard bone tissue( maintain bone tissue)
Osteocytes
A cell that builds bone tissue “blast build”
Osteoblast
The shaft of a long bone:
Diaphysis
The tough connective tissues membrane that covers long bones:
Periosteum
The end of a long bone:
Epiphysis
The type of bone tissue found at the end of long bones (small bony plates)
Spongy bone
The thin membrane that lines the central cavity of long bones:
Endosteum
The hollow portion of a long bone containing yellow marrow
Medullary cavity
The longitudinal canal in the middle of each osteon:
Central canal
What type of marrow is found in spongy bone and at the ends of long bones?
Red marrow
The region where two or more bones unite; a joint
Synarthrosis
A slightly moveable joint
Amphiarthrosis
A freely moveable joint
Diarthrosis
An immovable joint
Articulation
The material joining the bone of most synarthroses
Fibrous connective tissue
The material joining the bones of most amphiarthroses
Cartilage
The material between the bones of diarthroses
Synovial fluid
A movement that increase the angle between two bones( away from the anatomical postion)
Extension
Movement away from the midline of the body
Abduction
Motion around a central axis
Circumduction
A bending motion that decreases the angle between two pairs( toward the anatomical position)
Flexion
Movement towards the midline of the body
Adduction
The act of turning the palm up or forward
Supination
The act of pointing the toes downward
Plantar flexion
What are three functions of skeletal muscle?
1.Produces of movements at the joints 2.Contracts and relaxes. 3.Execute body movements
The protein that makes up muscle’s lighter, thin filaments
Actin
The protein that interacts with actin to form cross-bridges
Tropomyosin
The part of the muscle cell membrane that contain ACh receptors
Sarcoplasm
The space between the neuron and the muscle cell
Synaptic cleft
A single neuron and all of the muscles fibers it stimulates
Motor unit
A protein that binds calcium during muscle contraction
Troponin
The organelle that stores calcium in resting muscle cells
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
A contracting subunit of skeletal muscle
Sarcomere
Acetylcholine is an example of this type of signal
Chemical
Substance released into the synaptic cleft
Acetylcholine
The immediate source of energy for muscle contraction
ATP
Binds to troponin when muscles contracts
Calcium
Used to detach the myosin head
ATP
Pumped back into the ER when muscles relaxes
Calcium
A compound similar to ATP can be used to generate ATP
Creative phosphate
A polysaccharide that can be used to generate glucose
Glycogen
A compound that stores oxygen within muscles cells
Myoglobin
Muscle contraction in order:
Read in workbook page : 120
A muscle acting as a helper to accomplish a particular movement
Synergist
The muscle attachment joined to the new moveable part
Insertion
The muscle attachment joined to the less moveable part :
Origin
The muscle that produces a given movement
Antagonist
A muscle that relaxes during a given movement
Prime mover
A contraction in which the muscle shortens but muscle tensions remains the same
Isotonic
A contraction in which muscle tension increases but muscle length is unchanged
Isometric
What are the two types of bone tissue?
Spongy and Compact
Ossification :
Cartilage to bone
Elipiphyseal plates provide :
Longitudinal growth and increase in length
Structures of a long bone:
Epiphysis- the ends, Diaphysis-middle(composed of compact bone) , Periosteum-Exterior
Gliding joint:
Between carpals & tarsals
Saddle joint:
Between wrist and metacarpal thumb
Condyloid joint:
Metacarpal at proximal end:
3 structures of muscular system:
Smooth, Cardiac, Skeletal
Involuntary muscle
Smooth, Cardiac
Voluntary muscle :
Skeletal
Function of muscular system:
Movement of the skeleton , Maintenance of posture, Generation of heat
Pivot joint:
Neck
Deepest layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual fibers with fascicles.
Endomysium
Connective tissue layer around each fascicle:
Perimysium
Connective tissue sheath that encases the entire muscle :
Epimysium
Muscle fibers cytoplasm
Sarcoplasm
Anaerobic glycolysis:
Breaks glucose down incompletely without using oxygen.
A muscle as a whole shortens you produce movement :
Concentric contractions
The muscle lengthens as it exerts force.
Eccentric contractions
