Midterm Flashcards
The study of the structure and shape of the body and body parts, as well as their relationship to one another
Anatomy
The study of how to body and its parts work or function
Physiology
The study of the changes and body structure and function as a result of disease
Pathology
Has a apical surface which may be modified, is classified based on numbers of layers and cell shapes, avascular, cells fit closely together to form sheets, includes glandular tissue
Epithelial
May be voluntary or involuntary, highly specialized to contract
Muscle tissue
Composed of cells in a non-living matrix, examples include bone, blood, and fat, functions include protecting, supporting, and binding together
Connective
Cells are called neurons, characteristics include irritability , and conductivity
Nervous
Colloid it feels to sail from the nuclear membrane to the plasma membrane. Function: Site of many cellular activities ; consist of cytosol and organelles
Cytoplasm
Short hair-like projections from the cell
Cilli
Long whip like extensions from the sale; move the cell
Flagella
Large organelles with internal folded membranes. Function: convert energy from nutrients to atp.
Mitochondria
Large membrane bound, dark staining organelle near the center of the cell. Function: contains the chromosomes heredity structure that directs all cellular activities
Nucleus
Network of membranes within the cytoplasm rough ER has ribosomes attached to it. Smooth ER does not.
Endoplasmic reticulum
Also called the Plasma membrane and is made up of a phospholipid by layer.
Cell membrane
A structure in cell that sorts proteins and packs them into vesicles
Golgi body
Diffusion of water through a semi permeable membrane movement of water from an area of high concentration to low concentration.
Osmosis
The passage of water and dissolved materials through a membrane down, a pressure gradient from high to low
Filtration
Movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low
Diffusion
Three types of epithelial membranes
Squamous-flat and irregular, Cuboidal- Square, Columnar-long and narrow
Five. Basic functions of skin.
Protection, regulation, excretion, vitamin D production, and detection of stimuli
What are the different types of tissue?
Epithelial, Adipose, Cartilaginous, Glandar
What are the different types of Cartlidge?
Hyaline, fibrocartilage and elastic
What are the three different types of muscle tissue?
Smooth, Cardiac, and Skeletal
Functions of the nervous system:
Sensory input , integration, and motor output
What are the 2 main divisions of the nervous system and identify the major components of each.
Central Nervous system (CNS)- Brain and Spinal cord , Peripheral Nervous system( PNS) all cranial nerves that carry impulses to and from the brain and all the spinal nerves that carry messages to and from the spinal cord.
Two cell types found in nervous tissue
Neuron- basic unit of life consist of nerves, cell body and small branches of the cell caller fibers. Neuralgia-specialize cells that protect the brain from harmful substances.
Neurons carry impulses from receptors such as skin to central nervous system
Sensory( AFFERENT)
Neurons carry impulses from the CNS to a muscle or a gland.
Motor (EFFERENT)
Connect sensory and motor neurons in the CNS
Interneurons
An electrical current generated by the upset, or a change in charge across the muscle cell membrane or sarcoma
Action potential
What happens when the action potential reaches the axon terminal?
Tiny vesicles, containing Neurotransmitters fuse with axon membrane.
Potential along the axon is electrical and transmission of the impulse across the synapse is chemical
Nerve impulse electrochemical
A rapid, predictable, involuntary responses to stimuli that protect the body
Reflex
White matter versus gray matter
Gray matter is composed of unmyelinated cell bodies. White matter is composed of myelinated nerve fibers..
What are the major regions of the brain?
Cerebrum, brainstem cerebellum, diencephalon
Processes information from other areas of the nervous system, and send info to the cerebral cortex
Thalamus
Maintains homeostasis, body temp water, balance, metabolism, controls, emotions and hunger & thirst also controls pituitary gland
Hypothalamus
Secretion of melatonin and emotional responses to odor
Epithalamus
What is the all or none response?
If an action potential is generated, the impulse is conducted over the entire axon; there is no partial impulse impulse
What part of the brain processes sensory information, such as touch temperature and taste
Parietal
What part of the brain, regulates, motor function, problem-solving, memory, language, and judgment
Frontal
What part of the brain, regulates, auditory(hearing) and olfactory(smell)
Temporal
Visual processing center of the brain
Occipital
Potassium pump uses ATP to restore ion concentrations to the original ionic state
Sodium potassium pump
The simplest functional unit of the nervous system is?
Reflex Arc
What are the functions of the integumentary system?
Protection, temperature control, vitamin D production, excretion & detection of stimuli
What does vitamin D do in integumentary system?
Vitamin D, absorbs calcium, and plays a vital role in immunity. modified cholesterol molecules in the skin are converted into vitamin D by sunlight.
Contains a single layer of cells
Simple tissue
Multiple layers stacked
Stratified tissue
Single layer that appears as multiple layers
Pseudostratified tissue
What is the difference between connective an epithelial tissue??
Epithelial tissue covers and lines Organs and connective tissue supports organs in the body
What causes goosebumps?
Arrector pili muscle
What skin is avascular?
Epithelium
What gives skin its color?
Melanin
Muscle that pulls hair upright?
Arrector pili
Carries blood away from the skin
Artery
Thick layer of skin that contains nerves and blood vessels and other structures
Dermis
Upper layer of skin composed, mostly of dead, flat cells
Epidermis
Produces hair
Hair follicle
Dead part of hair that projects from the
Hair shaft
Anchors the skin to underlying organs
Hypodermis
Nerve receptor that detects touch
Meissner’s corpuscle
Detect pain
Nerve endings
Receptor that detects deep pressure
Pacinian corpuscle
Has fingerlike projections to penetrate into the epidermis to provide nutrients
Papillary layer
Opening of a sweat duct on the skin surface
Pore
Produces sebum
Sebaceous gland
Produces sweat
Sweat gland
Carries blood towards the skin
Vein
List the function of the endocrine system
What are the endocrine glands?
Hypothalamus pituitary, parathyroid ovaries, testes, adrenals, pineal gland, thyroid
Composed of small pieces of bone and lots of open Space
Spongy bone
Dense and look smooth and homogeneous
Compact bone
What are the functions of the skeletal system?
Support, storage, movement protection, Hematopoiesis
Deepest layer of connective tissue that surrounds the individual fibers within fascicles
Endomysium
Connective tissue layer around each fascicle
Perimysium
Individual muscle, fiber
Fascicle
Connective tissue sheath that encases the entire muscle
Epimysium
Fibrous connective tissue connecting bone to muscle.
Tendons
The attachment to the immovable or less movable bone
Origin
The attachments in a movable bone
Insertion
The cell membrane of a muscle fiber
Sarcolemma
Network of channels for support
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Through it like organelle of muscle fibers that lie parallel to each other
Myofibrils
Threadlike proteins in the myofibril
Myofilaments
Functional unit of a muscle fiber
Sarcomeres
Motor molecule that use ATP to pull on actin
Myosin
A protein that produces thin contractile filaments within muscle cells
Actin
A single neuron and all of the muscle fibers it stimulates
Motor unit
Describe the neuromuscular junction
The synapse where the neuron and muscle cell meet; where motor neuron stimulates a muscle cell
What two ways in which graded muscle contractions can be produced?
By changing the frequency of muscle stimulation and By changing the number of muscle cells being stimulated
What factor determines how forcefully a muscle contracts?
The number of muscle cells that are stimulated
