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A&P > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

The study of the structure and shape of the body and body parts, as well as their relationship to one another

A

Anatomy

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2
Q

The study of how to body and its parts work or function

A

Physiology

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3
Q

The study of the changes and body structure and function as a result of disease

A

Pathology

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4
Q

Has a apical surface which may be modified, is classified based on numbers of layers and cell shapes, avascular, cells fit closely together to form sheets, includes glandular tissue

A

Epithelial

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5
Q

May be voluntary or involuntary, highly specialized to contract

A

Muscle tissue

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6
Q

Composed of cells in a non-living matrix, examples include bone, blood, and fat, functions include protecting, supporting, and binding together

A

Connective

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7
Q

Cells are called neurons, characteristics include irritability , and conductivity

A

Nervous

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8
Q

Colloid it feels to sail from the nuclear membrane to the plasma membrane. Function: Site of many cellular activities ; consist of cytosol and organelles

A

Cytoplasm

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9
Q

Short hair-like projections from the cell

A

Cilli

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10
Q

Long whip like extensions from the sale; move the cell

A

Flagella

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11
Q

Large organelles with internal folded membranes. Function: convert energy from nutrients to atp.

A

Mitochondria

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12
Q

Large membrane bound, dark staining organelle near the center of the cell. Function: contains the chromosomes heredity structure that directs all cellular activities

A

Nucleus

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13
Q

Network of membranes within the cytoplasm rough ER has ribosomes attached to it. Smooth ER does not.

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

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14
Q

Also called the Plasma membrane and is made up of a phospholipid by layer.

A

Cell membrane

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15
Q

A structure in cell that sorts proteins and packs them into vesicles

A

Golgi body

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16
Q

Diffusion of water through a semi permeable membrane movement of water from an area of high concentration to low concentration.

A

Osmosis

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17
Q

The passage of water and dissolved materials through a membrane down, a pressure gradient from high to low

A

Filtration

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18
Q

Movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low

A

Diffusion

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19
Q

Three types of epithelial membranes

A

Squamous-flat and irregular, Cuboidal- Square, Columnar-long and narrow

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20
Q

Five. Basic functions of skin.

A

Protection, regulation, excretion, vitamin D production, and detection of stimuli

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21
Q

What are the different types of tissue?

A

Epithelial, Adipose, Cartilaginous, Glandar

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22
Q

What are the different types of Cartlidge?

A

Hyaline, fibrocartilage and elastic

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23
Q

What are the three different types of muscle tissue?

A

Smooth, Cardiac, and Skeletal

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24
Q

Functions of the nervous system:

A

Sensory input , integration, and motor output

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25
Q

What are the 2 main divisions of the nervous system and identify the major components of each.

A

Central Nervous system (CNS)- Brain and Spinal cord , Peripheral Nervous system( PNS) all cranial nerves that carry impulses to and from the brain and all the spinal nerves that carry messages to and from the spinal cord.

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26
Q

Two cell types found in nervous tissue

A

Neuron- basic unit of life consist of nerves, cell body and small branches of the cell caller fibers. Neuralgia-specialize cells that protect the brain from harmful substances.

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27
Q

Neurons carry impulses from receptors such as skin to central nervous system

A

Sensory( AFFERENT)

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28
Q

Neurons carry impulses from the CNS to a muscle or a gland.

A

Motor (EFFERENT)

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29
Q

Connect sensory and motor neurons in the CNS

A

Interneurons

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30
Q

An electrical current generated by the upset, or a change in charge across the muscle cell membrane or sarcoma

A

Action potential

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31
Q

What happens when the action potential reaches the axon terminal?

A

Tiny vesicles, containing Neurotransmitters fuse with axon membrane.

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32
Q

Potential along the axon is electrical and transmission of the impulse across the synapse is chemical

A

Nerve impulse electrochemical

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33
Q

A rapid, predictable, involuntary responses to stimuli that protect the body

A

Reflex

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34
Q

White matter versus gray matter

A

Gray matter is composed of unmyelinated cell bodies. White matter is composed of myelinated nerve fibers..

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35
Q

What are the major regions of the brain?

A

Cerebrum, brainstem cerebellum, diencephalon

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36
Q

Processes information from other areas of the nervous system, and send info to the cerebral cortex

A

Thalamus

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37
Q

Maintains homeostasis, body temp water, balance, metabolism, controls, emotions and hunger & thirst also controls pituitary gland

A

Hypothalamus

38
Q

Secretion of melatonin and emotional responses to odor

A

Epithalamus

39
Q

What is the all or none response?

A

If an action potential is generated, the impulse is conducted over the entire axon; there is no partial impulse impulse

40
Q

What part of the brain processes sensory information, such as touch temperature and taste

A

Parietal

41
Q

What part of the brain, regulates, motor function, problem-solving, memory, language, and judgment

A

Frontal

42
Q

What part of the brain, regulates, auditory(hearing) and olfactory(smell)

A

Temporal

43
Q

Visual processing center of the brain

A

Occipital

44
Q

Potassium pump uses ATP to restore ion concentrations to the original ionic state

A

Sodium potassium pump

45
Q

The simplest functional unit of the nervous system is?

A

Reflex Arc

46
Q

What are the functions of the integumentary system?

A

Protection, temperature control, vitamin D production, excretion & detection of stimuli

47
Q

What does vitamin D do in integumentary system?

A

Vitamin D, absorbs calcium, and plays a vital role in immunity. modified cholesterol molecules in the skin are converted into vitamin D by sunlight.

48
Q

Contains a single layer of cells

A

Simple tissue

49
Q

Multiple layers stacked

A

Stratified tissue

50
Q

Single layer that appears as multiple layers

A

Pseudostratified tissue

51
Q

What is the difference between connective an epithelial tissue??

A

Epithelial tissue covers and lines Organs and connective tissue supports organs in the body

52
Q

What causes goosebumps?

A

Arrector pili muscle

53
Q

What skin is avascular?

A

Epithelium

54
Q

What gives skin its color?

A

Melanin

55
Q

Muscle that pulls hair upright?

A

Arrector pili

56
Q

Carries blood away from the skin

A

Artery

57
Q

Thick layer of skin that contains nerves and blood vessels and other structures

A

Dermis

58
Q

Upper layer of skin composed, mostly of dead, flat cells

A

Epidermis

59
Q

Produces hair

A

Hair follicle

60
Q

Dead part of hair that projects from the

A

Hair shaft

61
Q

Anchors the skin to underlying organs

A

Hypodermis

62
Q

Nerve receptor that detects touch

A

Meissner’s corpuscle

63
Q

Detect pain

A

Nerve endings

64
Q

Receptor that detects deep pressure

A

Pacinian corpuscle

65
Q

Has fingerlike projections to penetrate into the epidermis to provide nutrients

A

Papillary layer

66
Q

Opening of a sweat duct on the skin surface

A

Pore

67
Q

Produces sebum

A

Sebaceous gland

68
Q

Produces sweat

A

Sweat gland

69
Q

Carries blood towards the skin

A

Vein

70
Q

List the function of the endocrine system

A
71
Q

What are the endocrine glands?

A

Hypothalamus pituitary, parathyroid ovaries, testes, adrenals, pineal gland, thyroid

72
Q

Composed of small pieces of bone and lots of open Space

A

Spongy bone

73
Q

Dense and look smooth and homogeneous

A

Compact bone

74
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

A

Support, storage, movement protection, Hematopoiesis

75
Q

Deepest layer of connective tissue that surrounds the individual fibers within fascicles

A

Endomysium

76
Q

Connective tissue layer around each fascicle

A

Perimysium

77
Q

Individual muscle, fiber

A

Fascicle

78
Q

Connective tissue sheath that encases the entire muscle

A

Epimysium

79
Q

Fibrous connective tissue connecting bone to muscle.

A

Tendons

80
Q

The attachment to the immovable or less movable bone

A

Origin

81
Q

The attachments in a movable bone

A

Insertion

82
Q

The cell membrane of a muscle fiber

A

Sarcolemma

83
Q

Network of channels for support

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

84
Q

Through it like organelle of muscle fibers that lie parallel to each other

A

Myofibrils

85
Q

Threadlike proteins in the myofibril

A

Myofilaments

86
Q

Functional unit of a muscle fiber

A

Sarcomeres

87
Q

Motor molecule that use ATP to pull on actin

A

Myosin

88
Q

A protein that produces thin contractile filaments within muscle cells

A

Actin

89
Q

A single neuron and all of the muscle fibers it stimulates

A

Motor unit

90
Q

Describe the neuromuscular junction

A

The synapse where the neuron and muscle cell meet; where motor neuron stimulates a muscle cell

91
Q

What two ways in which graded muscle contractions can be produced?

A

By changing the frequency of muscle stimulation and By changing the number of muscle cells being stimulated

92
Q

What factor determines how forcefully a muscle contracts?

A

The number of muscle cells that are stimulated

A&P (10 decks)

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