The Skeletal and Muscular Systems Flashcards
What are the five main roles of the Skeletal System?
- Shape
- Support
- Protection
- Movement
- Blood Production
What are the 7 different parts of the Vertebral Collumn?
- Atlas
- Axis
- Cervical
- Thoracic
- Lumbar
- Sacrum
- Coccyx
Describe the cervical vertebrae.
- supports neck and head
- allows most movement
- contains 7 bones.
Describe the thoracic vertebrae.
- protects heart and lungs
- not much movement
- contains 12 bones.
Describe the lumbar vertebrae.
- big bones
- support rest of the collumn
- allows turning
- contains 5 bones.
Describe the sacrum vertebrae.
- base for legs
- fused to pelvic girdle
- contains 5 bones fused to make one.
Describe the coccyx.
- remains of ancient tail bone.
- contains 5 bones fused to make one.
What are the three main types of joints?
- fixed / fused / immoveable: e.g. cranium.
- slightly moveable: e.g. bones in vertebral collumn.
- freely moveable / synovial: e.g. hip and shoulder.
What are the six different types of freely moveable / synovial joints? Give examples.
- Ball and Socket: e.g. Hip or shoulder.
- Condyloid: e.g. Wrist.
- Gliding: e.g. Ankle.
- Hinge: e.g. Knee or elbow.
- Pivot: e.g. Rotation of atlas and axis in neck.
- Saddle: e.g. Thumb gripping.
What are the three different types of connective tissues?
- Ligaments
- Tendons
- Cartilage.
What do Ligaments do?
Ligaments join bone to bone.
What do tendons do?
Tendons join bone to muscle.
What does cartilage do?
Found at end of and between bones to protect them wearing or grinding each other down by any movement.
What are the six different ways in which our body moves and what do they mean?
- Abduction: movement away from midline of the body.
- Adduction: movement towards midline of the body.
- Rotation: movement of bone around its own axis.
- Flexion: decreasing an angle between two bones e.g. Bending elbow.
- Extension: increasing angle between two bones e.g. Straightening elbow.
- Hyperextension: when joints extend beyond the normal position.
What are the different muscles and their functions?
- Abdominals: pull in abdomen.
- Biceps: bend of flex elbow.
- Deltoids: raise or abducts arm at shoulder.
- Gastrocnemius: raises up onto tip toes.
- Gluteals: pulls leg back at hip slightly.
- Hamstrings: bends of flexes knee slightly.
- Latissimus Dorsi: pulls arm down at shoulder.
- Pectorals: raises arm at shoulder and draws across chest.
- Quadriceps: straighten leg and knee and lock when you stand.
- Trapezius: holds and rotates shoulders and moves head back and sideways.
- Triceps: straightens arm at elbow joint.
What are the 3 main types of muscles?
- Cardiac: continuous, e.g. Heart.
- Voluntary: muscles you choose to move, e.g. Limbs.
- Involuntary: work without you thinking about them, e.g. Bladder.
What do fast and slow twitch muscle fibres do?
Determine whether you are a sprinter or a long distance athlete.
Describe fast twitch muscle fibres.
- sprinters have more of these
- work for a shorter time
- have a bad oxygen supply
- big and strong.
Describe slow twitch muscle fibres.
- long distance athletes have more of these
- work for longer time periods
- have a good oxygen supply
- smaller and less strong.
What are the origin and insertion?
Origin: where a muscle joins the stationary bone.
Insertion: where a muscle joins the moving bone.
What happens when a muscle contracts in terms of the origin and insertion?
When a muscle contracts, the insertion moves towards the origin.
What are prime movers, agonists, antagonists and synergists?
- Prime movers: start muscle movement, known as agonists.
- Agonists: moving and working muscles that initiate movement.
- Antagonists: work against prime movers (relaxing muscles)
- Synergists: other muscles assisting movement.
What is lactic acid?
A chemical waste product of anaerobic respiration.
How will lactic acid affect muscle performance?
- builds up after anaerobic exercise.
- makes muscles stiff
- causes aches and pain in muscles
- muscles tire more easily
- muscles do not perform to best ability.
What are the four different types of bones?
- Irregular
- Flat
- Long
- Short
What are the two types of muscle contractions? Describe them.
Isometric contraction: the muscle is contracting but is still e.g. The quadriceps when in squat position.
Isotonic contraction: when muscles contract for a movement so are moving.
