The skelaton Flashcards
THE SKELETON
- Bony framework
- forms cavities and fossae (depressions or hollows)
- protects some structures, forms the joints and gives attachment to the muscles
- described in 2 parts: Axial and appendicular
- The appendages are attached to the axial skeleton
AXIAL SKELETON
SKULL:
- the cranium, which contains the brain, and the face.
- The only movable bone is the mandible or lower jaw.
FUNCTIONS:
- primary function of skull to protect the brain, eyes and inner ears
VERTEBRAL COLUMN:
- 24 moveable bones (including the sacurm & cocyx)
- separated from each other by intervertebral discs consististing of fibrcartilage
consisting of:
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
1 Sacrum (5 fused bones)
1 coccyx (4 fused bones)
CERVICAL VERTEBRA - called atlas & forms joints with skull
- more movement is possible in cervical & lumbar regions than the thoracic region
SACRUM CONSISTS OF 5 VERTEBRATES - fused into the bone, articulates with 5th lumbar
COCCYX - consists of four terminals vertebrates fused into smaller triangular bones that articulates with the sacrum
THE SKULL
FUNCTIONS:
- stacked arrangement of vertebrae
- runs the length of the vertebral column. - - The spinal cord lies protected inside the channel
THORATIC CAGE: formed by:
- 12 Thoracic vertebrae
- 12 pairs of ribs
- 1 sternum of breast bone
FUNCTIONS:
- protects the vital organs within ( the heart, lungs & large blood vessels)
- enables breathing by giving attachment to muscles of respiration (the diagram, intercostal muscle between the ribs)
APPENDICULAR SKELETON
- each shoulder girdle consists of a clavicle and scapular
- supported with upper limb
Consists of:
1 humerus
1 radius
1 ulna
8 carpal bones
5 metacarpal bones
14 phalanges
- bones of the pelvic girdle support the lower limbs
Consists of:
1 femur
1 tibia
1 fibular
1 patella
7 tarsal bones
5 metatarsal bones
14 phalanges
CAVITIES OF THE BODY
- cranial
- thoracic
- abdominal
- pelvic
CRANIAL CAVITIES
- contains the brain
- formed by the bones of the skull
ANTERIORLY: 1 frontal bone
LATERALLY: 2 temporal bones
POSTERIORLY: 1 occipital bones
SUPERIORLY: 2 parietal bones
INFRIORLY: 1 sphenoid and 1 ethmoid bone - part of the frontal, temporal and occipital bones
THORACIC CAVITY
- upper part of the trunk
- the thoracic forms boundaries cage, and supporting muscles
ANTERIORLY: the sternum and costal cartilage of the ribs
LATERALLY: 12 pairs of ribs and intercostal muscles
POSTERIORLY: the thoracic vertebrate
SUPERIORLY: the structures forming the root of the neck
INFRIORLY: the diaphragm, dome-shaped muscle
CONTENTS:
Main organs contained:
- trachea, 2 bronchi, 2 lungs
- heart, prominent blood vessels (aorta, superior and inferior venae cavae
- oesophagus
- lymph vessels & lymph nodes
ABDOMINAL CAVITY
- occupies the majority of the cavity
SUPERIORLY: the diaphragm
ANTERIORLY: muscles forming the anterior abdominal wall
POSTERIORLY: the lumbar vertebrae and muscles forming the posterior abdominal wall
LATERALLY: the lower ribs and part of the muscle of the abdominal wall
INFERIORLY: continuously with the pelvic cavity
- abdomen lined with a membrane called peritoneum
CONTENT:
- mostly made up of the organs from the digestive system (stomach, small intestine and most of the large intestine) ( liver, gall bladder, bile duct & pancreas) (the spleen, two kidneys, upper part of the uterus) (adrenal glands)
PELVIC CAVITY
- funnel-shaped and extended from the lower end of the abdominal cavity
SUPERIORLY: continuous in the abdominal wall
ANTERIORLY: the pubic bone
POSTERIORLY: the sacrum and coccyx
LATERALLY: the innominate (hip) bone
INFERIORLY: the muscles of the pelvic floor
CONTENT:
- stigmoid colon, rectum and anus
-small intestine
- urinary bladder, ureters and urethra
- both female and male = reproductive organs
SURFACE ANATOMY
- surface anatomy = study of external body features that can be examined without dissection or visual inspection/palpitation
- body landmarks can be used in healthcare practice to guide clinical assessment, investigation and treatment
