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Tudor > The Significance of Events and Individuals > Flashcards

The Significance of Events and Individuals Flashcards

1
Q

What was Tyrones connections with England like?

A

He had been fostered by an English settlers family and made numerous visits to court. During these visits he had built up links with influencial men such as Earl of Leicester and Sir Francis Wallsingham. Even the Queen had been impressed by him. However, by the early 1590s both of these men had died and had been replaced by men who he had no connections with.

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2
Q

When did Tyrones rebellion start?

A

May 1593

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3
Q

Why was Tyrones army so dangerous to England?

A

It was large and well organised. He used English and Spanish captains to train his men and imported weapons and ammunition

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4
Q

In 1595 how many cavalry, musketmen and pike men did Tyrone have?

A

1000 cavalry. 4000 musket men. 1000 pikemen

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5
Q

What are two examples of Ulster cheiftans that supported tryone?

A

His sons in laws, O’Donnell and Maguire

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6
Q

Why did so many Irish join the rebellion?

A

Traditional fueds were forgotten as they were united against a common enemy.

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7
Q

What type of weapons did Tryone use?

A

Modern weapons such as muskets and pikes instead of traditional ones like spears and axes

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8
Q

Who was Tyrones forces supplemented by?

A

Deserters from the English army. These were Irish men that had been recruited by the English because they were not experienced fighters but these men found their loyalty with the Irish rebels.

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9
Q

What part of Tyrones army was better trained then the English?

A

The cavalry

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10
Q

What encouraged other chieftains outside of Ulster to join the rebellion?

A

Tyrones successes.

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11
Q

Where did the rebellion first spread roo outside of Ulster?

A

Connaught in 1595

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12
Q

Where did the rebellion spread too in 1598?

A

Leinister and Munster

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13
Q

Who were Key supporters of the rebellion?

A

James FitzThomas the Earl of Desmond and Florence MacCarthy

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14
Q

By 1596 how many foot soldiers and cavalry did Tryone claim to have?

A

6000 foot soliders and 1200 cavalary

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15
Q

In 1596 how many footmen and cavalry did the English have?

A

5732 footmen and 617 cavalary

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16
Q

When and why did the English stop being outnumbered by Tyrone?

A

In 1599 Elizabeth sent the largest army of her reign to Ireland under the leadership of the Earl of Essex

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17
Q

Why were the Spanish persuaded to help the Irish?

A

England and Spain had been at war since 1585. English forces had been sent to help the rebelling Dutch Protestants in the Netherlands and there had been an English attack on the Spain port of Cadiz.

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18
Q

When had Spanish and Irish talks begun?

A

As early as 1593

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19
Q

What happened in September 1595?

A

There were further discussions with the Spanish for money and men

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20
Q

What happened in 1596 with the Spanish?

A

Philip agreed to send a second armada to Ireland. There were 100 ships with an additional fleet that was sent to attack England. However the ships were dispersed by strong wind, 32 lost and the rest returned to Spain

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21
Q

When did Philip the second die and who replaced him?

A

1598, he was replaced by Philip the 3rd

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22
Q

How did Philip the 3rd respond to Irish requests?

A

He was uncertain what to do as it would be expensive to spend ships and troops whilst also dangerous. However sending Spanish troops to Ireland might have encouraged Elizabeth to withdraw troops from the Netherlands to deal with them. He also hoped that he could build a base from Ireland to invade England

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23
Q

Why did Philip never send any troops to Irleand before 1601?

A

He didnt have any spare

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24
Q

What happened with the Spanish in January 1601?

A

Philip finally had enough troops to send to Ireland but the Spanish encountered problems on their voyage. Some of the ships became separated during a storm including those carrying weapons and ammunition.

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25
Q

What happened when the Spanish reached Kinsale?

A

There were only 3400 men left of the 6000 Tryone had requested

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26
Q

Why would it have been important for Tyrone to meet up with the Spainish?

A

Their numbers would have out numbered the english

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27
Q

Why could Tryone not meet up with the Spanish?

A

The English deputy Lord Mountjoy prevented this from happening

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28
Q

When was the Battle of Clontibret?

A

1595

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29
Q

What were the early years of the war focused on?

A

English garrison forts on the borders of Ulster

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30
Q

What happened to Lord Deputy Russell at the same time as the surrender at Blackwater?

A

He found that his forces were out numbered, he had only 1,100 men

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30
Q

How did the English goverment react to Lord Russels situation?

A

They withdrew forces from Brittany who had been fighting the Spainish. 2000 men were promised but only 1616 arrived and many were in poor condition

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30
Q

What happened to the English Fort at Blackwater?

A

It was attacked by the rebels and the English commander surrendered.

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30
Q

What happened in May 1595?

A

The Irish began to besiege Monhagen Castle and Sir Henry Bagenal attempted to help the garison

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31
Q

What position in the army did Bagenal have?

A

He was the Marshall of the English army

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32
Q

How many men did Bagneal march witj?

A

1750 men from Newry

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33
Q

How did Tyrone respond to the threat of Bagenal?

A

He launches series of assaults on the English troops which became known as the Battle of Clontibret.

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34
Q

What happened when Bagenal and his troops first approached Monaghan?

A

They were ambushed by Tyrones men. They were forced to fight and used up much of the gunpowder they had been bringing to supply the garrison. The English troops eventually reached it

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35
Q

Why was it a problem when Bagenal reached Monaghan?

A

Their supplies were very low so they had little to leave in the fought or defend themselves on the return journey to Newry

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36
Q

What happened on the 27th of May 1595?

A

Bagenal and his troops set out to return to Newry and were ambushed again

37
Q

How many troops did Tyrone have when he ambushed Bagenal?

A

Around 4000

38
Q

Why was Tyrones tactics at this ambush so effective?

A

He had well trained musket men hidden on both sides of the road. The English column was therefore forced to slow down when they came under attack leaving them even more vulnerable.

39
Q

What was the result of Tyrones ambush?

A

The English had to stop just outside of Newry. They had very little ammunition left and 31 died with 109 injured. Bagenal and his men were eventually rescued by sea.

40
Q

Why did Tyrone not press his advantage further after Clontibret?

A

His troops had also run out of gunpowder

41
Q

What had the Battle shown the English?

A

They faced a well organised Irish force who out numbered them and they were able to take advantage of their knowledge of the local terrain to ambush the vulnerable English troops

42
Q

How did the English respond to Clontibret?

A

They retook Blackwater

43
Q

By the end of 1595 what had happened and why?

A

A stalemate. The rebels found that their tactic of capturing and garrisoned small fortresses was making them vulnerable as it was too expensive and dangerous to keep supplying them

44
Q

Why was Elizabeth keen to negotiate by the end of 1595?

A

It was cheaper then war

45
Q

What happened by March 1596?

A

An apparent settlement between the two had been reached. Tyrone agreed to submit, pay damages, to stop demanding freedom of worship and accept English sovereignty. The English agreed to remove their garrisons, Tyrone would keep Ulster and arrest any rebels who caused further trouble

46
Q

What had happened by May 1596?

A

Negotiations had broken down

47
Q

Why had negotiations broken down?

A

In the autumn of 1595 and early 1596 the rebels and Philip the 2nd had began negotiations of their own.

48
Q

What did the Irish offer the Spanish?

A

In September 1595, Tyrone and O’Donnell offered the crown of Ireland to the Archduke Albert. He was the nephew of Philip the 2nd and the governor of the Netherlands.

49
Q

What did the Irish want in return for what they gave to the Spanish?

A

A Spanish army, money and weapons

50
Q

In summer 1596 how did the Spanish send further encouragement of the negotiations?

A

He sent representatives to discuss a Spanish invasion

51
Q

What did the discussions between Spain and Ireland lead too?

A

The unsuccessful armada sent in October 1596.

52
Q

Why did the Spanish help strengthen the rebellion?

A

It encouraged the rebels to fight on and the rebels were able to use it in their propaganda which encouraged all good Catholics to fight for them. This was one of the ways the spread of the rebellion was helped.

53
Q

Why did Tyrone begin to use more agreessive tactics between 96 and 98?

A

Tyrone had little to lose after being declared a traitor in 1595

54
Q

What did Tyrone begin to claim after 1595?

A

That he had the right to grant lordships and posistions all across Ireland beyond his own lands. This was an attempt too unite all the Anglo Irish chieftains in defence of Catholicsm.

55
Q

How did Tyrone reward his followers and emphasise his control?

A

He claimed the right to give titles to his followers overriding existing appointments and Irish tantists.

56
Q

Who is an example of Tyrone appointing as Earl despite him not really having the power?

A

He made James FitzThomas Earl of Desmond after he had been alienated from the English regime.

57
Q

By 1597 what seemed to be happening?

A

That the English hold on Ireland seemed to be slipping away.

58
Q

How did the English try to fix the situation in 1597?

A

They decided to replace the Lord Deputy, Sir William Russell and the commander of the English army, Sir Henry Norris, with just one man Burgh

59
Q

Why did FitzThomas join Tyrone?

A

He wanted the title of Earl of Desmond from his uncle but the English had refused as his uncle had been involved in a rebellion against the English.

60
Q

Why did the English chose Lord Thomas Burgh?

A

He was an experienced soldier and administrator

61
Q

What did Lord Burgh decide the best tactic was and what did this result in?

A

He believed it would be too attack Tyrones power base by attacking his estates in Ulster which resulted in Yellow Ford

62
Q

What year was the Battle of Yellow Ford and the Collapse of the Munster plantation?

A

1598

63
Q

Why had the English offensive been holted by October 1597?

A

Burgh had been planning to march into Ulster itself aiming for Tyrones estates but he found himself outnumbered

64
Q

How did Burgh respond to that fact that his efforts had been stopped?

A

Hr decided to build a new set of Fortifications along the black water river in Ulster. This was intended to give additional protection to the English garrison at Armagh in Southern Ulster and provide a base for further attacks against Tyrones strong hold which was just a few km away.

65
Q

Why did Burghs descion cause the English goverment more problems?

A

In October 1597 Burgh dies which meant the English lacked both a Lord Deputy and overall leader of the army

66
Q

What made things even worse ontop of Burghs death for the English?

A

The previous head of the army Sir Henry Norris also died

67
Q

Why had Burgh made a mistake in the size of his garrison?

A

He’d reverted to the use of small garrison forts which couldn’t support alot of men

68
Q

What was the Fort at Blackwater like?

A

It had a garrison of only 150 men and was defended only by earthworks.

69
Q

What was the English goverment distracted by in October 1597?

A

This was when the news of another Spanish armada came and Sir Thomas Norris, an experienced military commander, was sent to Munster to deal with the potential threat which came to nothing as the Spanish fleet was dispersed by storm.

70
Q

Who was the English army put under command of?

A

The Anglo Irish Lord the Earl of Osmond. He was a cousin of Elizabeth and a commited protestant.

71
Q

What did the council want Elizabeth to do with the garrison?

A

They wanted to abandon it

72
Q

What did Elizabeth want to do with Blackwater and why?

A

She wanted to divide the rebels by offering further negotiations from jt

73
Q

What happened in December 1597 and why?

A

Tyrone agreed to a truce but this was just too prepare his forces for another attack

74
Q

When did the truce come to an end?

A

June 1598

75
Q

What happened when the truce came to an end?

A

Tyrone began to be seige Blackwater Fort.

76
Q

Why could Osmond not successfully respond to Tyrones seige?

A

His army was full of Irish soldiers who could not be trusted to stay loyal whilst the rebel army had 5000 men

77
Q

Who was Ormond forced to accept help from and how did this happen?

A

Sir Henry Bagenal. He offered to bring an extra 4,200 men and began to march towards Blackwater.

78
Q

What happened on the 11th of August 1598?

A

Bagenal and his troops were attacked at Yellow Ford by Tyrone. The English found themselves in a repeat at what had happened at Contibret with Irish musketmen lying in wait to ambush them.

79
Q

Why was the English’s attempts too keep moving slowed?

A

They were trying to cross a dord and heavy artillery was becoming stuck in the boggy ground near the river.

80
Q

What happened to Bagenel at the Battle?

A

He rushed into the fighting and was killed

81
Q

How many English men were killed and wounded in the Battle?

A

Around 830 were killed and 400 wounded

82
Q

How many Irish men in the English army deserted to join the rebels?

A

300

83
Q

What happened to the surving English men?

A

They lost most of the supplies and equipment they were taking to Blackwater and only 2000 out of the 4000 who left made it back to Armagh

84
Q

What did the Battle of Yellow Ford encourage?

A

Discontented Irish men in Munster were now ready to rebel and they overthrew the English very quickly

85
Q

Why had the English goverment ignored the settlers fears that trouble in Munster was brewing?

A

They had been too busy worrying about what was happening in Ulster

86
Q

How many settlers were there in Munster?

A

3000

87
Q

What happened too the settlers in Munster?

A

They either fled, were captured or killed

88
Q

How long had the Munster colony taken to establish that was then taken down in just a few days ?

A

14 years

89
Q

What did the Yellow Ford Defeat force Elizabeth to do?

A

Between October 1598 and January 1599 she sent 1900 troops to protect Dublin and backed these up with 6300 more men

90
Q

What did Elizabeth’s troops help do?

A

Helped Ormond stop the rebellion in Munster spreading any further

91
Q

What did Elizabeth finally appoint in March 1599?

A

A new lord deputy to replace Burgh

92
Q

Who was the new Lord Luitenant?

A

Robert Devereux, The Earl of Essex

93
Q

Why was Essex now called Lieutant instead of Lord Deputy?

A

It was meant to echo the English lieutancy system

Tudor (21 decks)

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