Reasons for the 9 Years War Flashcards
What was an Anglo irish lord?
A descendent of earlier English settlers who had intermarriaed with the Irish. Over hundreds of years they had developed their own identity most speaking gaelic and were proud of their independent status
What was the pale?
The area that surrounded Dublin which traditionally english rule did not extend beyond, the lands beyond them were known as the irishy. English Monarchs claimed to rule Ireland but they did not really.
In the Tudor Period how did England control Dublin and its pale?
Through a Lord Deputy.
How was most of Ireland controlled beyond the pale?
Most of Ireland was controlled by Anglo Irish members of the nobility such as the O’Neills who as Irish chieftains maintained their own private armies and acted as quasi Kings in the areas under their control.
What custom did the Irish use for inheritance?
Tanistry
What is tanistry?
The heir or successor of a chief or king is appointed during the lifetime of the reigning chief, is not necessarily his oldest son, is generally the worthiest and wisest of the male relatives of the chief, and is elected by the people from among the eligible candidates
How did titles work in England?
They did not adopt English titles such as Earl. For example Hugh O’Neill although head of his clan was just known as The O’Neill.
What were the perceived problems of Irish traditions by the English?
Although the way of appointing the leader ensured there was always a strong male leading the clan, it lead to fueds and struggles for power. The system and the fact that the English viewed the Irish way of life as primitive and lawlessness led to some English people suggesting that the best way to control Ireland was to anglicised its laws and customs
What was a policy of conciliation?
A peaceful method in which a compromise was reached between the English and Anglo Irish. This was one of the solutions which Tudor Monarchs could chose from
Why did the problem with Ireland become more dangerous after the 1530s?
Ireland remained Catholic meaning that they may support a Catholic crusade against England.
What did the Irish chieftains agree in 1541?
They would recognise Henry’s right to be King of Ireland. The English goverment encouraged the Irish to surrendered their lands to the crown which were then re granted ro the Anglo Irish. The Irish were to be tennants in chief to the English Crown and they were given English titles
How did Mary the first react to the fact that Ireland remained semi independent?
She appointed an English lord Deputy, the Earl of Sussex. He fortified the pale and encouraged English settlers to move to territory just outside the pale. The plan was to civilise the Irish by introducing English customs and practices. Thus system was known as plantation.
Why did Elizabeth begin to reform Irelands laws in 1569?
After the revolt of the northern Earls the Catholic threat became clear to them
What did the English goverment try to do in 1569 and 1571?
They tried to establish councils to govern the regions of connaught and Munster. These were modeled on the councils of the North and Wales and were led by a president. The traditional Irish regions were also split into English style counties which were under control by tradition English Methods such as sheriffs.
What did the English policies of more direct intervention lead to in 1569 and 1579-83?
Unsuccessful rebellions in Munster. The second rebellion was brutally suppressed with rebels hunted down and executed and their lands were used to encourage plantation by English settlers.
What were the plans for plantation based on?
Sir Walter Raleighs colonisation of the new world
By 1592 how many English settlers were in Munster?
775 although they were out numbered by the Irish their presencence still caused anger.
Why did the new English settlers cause such an issue for the Irish?
They were taking over estates which had once belonged to Anglo Irish Lords. They saw the Irish as superstitious and pagan as they themselves were so commited to protestantism and they saw it as their duty to convert the Irish. The Catholics on the other hand saw protection of their beliefs along side keep Irish traditions and values alive.
