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Tudor > Reasons for the Wars Duration and England's Eventual Success > Flashcards

Reasons for the Wars Duration and England's Eventual Success Flashcards

1
Q

When was the Battle of Curlew Pass?

A

1599

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2
Q

When did Essex arrive in England ?

A

May 1599

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3
Q

When Essex arrived in Ireland what was his problem?

A

There had been an Irish attack by O’Donnell on Sir Donough O’connor at Collooney Castle, Canaught. O’connor was one of the few Irish chieftains who still supported the English so Essex could not afford for one of the only supporters to be captures.

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4
Q

What did Essex order to go help O’connor

A

He ordered Sir Conyers Clifford, the president of connaught and an experienced military commander to go rescue O’Conner

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5
Q

How many footmen and cavalry did Clifford have when he marched to O’Connor

A

1490 footmen and 205 cavalary

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6
Q

What did Clifford have to pass to get to O’Conner?

A

The Curlew Mountains

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7
Q

What happened on the 15th of August 1599?

A

The English army approached the pass and were ambushed by an Irish force

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8
Q

What was the situation like during the ambush that caused the English to flee?

A

They were trapped in unfamiliar geography. There were mountains on either side and they could not escape from the road because it was surrounded by woods and bogs

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9
Q

Who was killed at the Battle of Curlew Pass?

A

Clifford and around 1 third of his men

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10
Q

What happened as a result of the Battle at Curlew pass?

A

The surving army had to turn back to safety. This meant that O’Conner was forced to surrender to the rebels losing a valuable English ally.

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11
Q

What did Essex decide after Curlew Pass and why?

A

He decided it was no longer possible to attack Tyrone as the English army was suffering from sickness and many of the soldiers deserting

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12
Q

How did Elizabeth respond to Essexs descion?

A

She was furious and ordered Essex too march North to Ulster.

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13
Q

What happened when Essex reached Louth on his journey upto Ulster?

A

He encountered Tyrone who had a much larger army. They agreed on a truce during which the rebels would be allowed to continue to occupy all the lands and fortresses they possessed or had captured.

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14
Q

Who was Sir Henry Bagenal?

A

He was a member of the English gentry whose family also had estates in Ulster (Newry.)

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15
Q

Why had Bagenals family come into conflict with Tyrone?

A

They had been keen to expand their estates and interests in Ulster

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16
Q

Whats an example of a thing Bagenal and Tyrone argued over?

A

They both claimed they had the right to be overlords of the O’Halon clan and their estates in Southern Ulster.

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17
Q

What did Bagenal represent to the Irish?

A

The English new incommers who unfairly used their connections with the court in London to acquire more land and power in Ireland

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18
Q

Why was Bagenal summoned to English court in 1586?

A

He had even managed to get into disagreements with other settlers. He was there to explain his disagreements with the Dublin authorities.

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19
Q

How did Bagenal try to justify his actions to the English?

A

He produced a series of documents for William Cecil to prove why Ireland needed to change. One of these showed the English settlers concerns about the growing power of Tyrone and the weakness of the English Crown in Ulster

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20
Q

What was one of Bagneals recommendations to change in Ulster?

A

A division of O’Neils lands and for Ulster to have its own council and president.

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21
Q

What does Bagenals actions show?

A

Why Tyrone was increasingly alienated from the English authorities in the early 1590s. An English captain who new Tyrone well even wrote to Elizabeth saying this was the reason why

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22
Q

What is evidence for Bagenals poor military skills?

A

He did not seem to have been a good military tactation ot learnfrom his mistakes. He led his men into two humiliating defeats which he lost for the same reason. At Yellow Ford he lost control of his troops entirely as they turned and fledm

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23
Q

What was the MacCarthy Reagh and MacCarthy Mor?

A

The MaCarthys had several branches. The senior branch the MacCarthy Mor had the right to command the alligence and obedience of all other parts of the family

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24
Q

Why had Florence MacCarthy come under suspicion during the expansion of English influence into Munster?

A

He was a Ac Catholic who had learnt Spanish and was suspected of being incontact with the Spanish who were present on the South Coast of ireland

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25
Q

What happened to MaCarthy in 1589?

A

He was arrested

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26
Q

Why was MacCarthy arrested?

A

The English president of Munster felt that he was a threat to English interests in the region especially due to his marriage

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27
Q

What marriage alliance had Florence MacCarthy made?

A

One which would allow him the title of MacCarthy Mor. This would give him even more power in the region.

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28
Q

How long did MacCarthy spend in prison?

A

Two years in the tower of London and did not arrive home till 1593

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29
Q

When Florence returned what was a problem he faced?

A

There was a rival for his claim to MacCarthy More who the English were more prepared to support to stop Florence becoming more powerful

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30
Q

Why did Tyrone try to get Florence to join the rebellion?

A

He recognised him as MacCarthy More and he wanted to recruit supporters who had grievances against the english

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31
Q

Why was MaCarthy not easy to convince to join the rebellion?

A

Tyrone had backed his rival in the past

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32
Q

What did MacCarthy do that showed that he was not easy to convince?

A

He tried to negotiate with both the English and Tyrone. Florence even promised the English he and the MacCarthys would support them if they would support his claim for MacCarthy More.

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33
Q

What military role did MacCarthy have in the rebellion?

A

He allowed some of Tyrones mercenaries onto his lands in Kinsale where the Spanish landed in 1601 which was in MacCarthy territory.

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34
Q

What was MaCarthy doing at the same time as supporting Tyrone in 1601?

A

Writing to Elizabeth the 1st claiming he was loyal to her.

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35
Q

In the period of 1598-1601 what was happening?

A

The fighting in Munster

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36
Q

Between 1598-1601 who did MaCarthy commit troops roo?

A

Noone apart from one exception

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37
Q

What was the exception?

A

His men ambushed English troops who were destroying his estates.

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38
Q

How did the English president of Munster respond to MacCarthys ambush?

A

He granted him a pardon but was suspicious of his motives

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39
Q

By August 1601 what had happened?

A

The Munster rebellion was nearly suppressed and the English president arrested MacCarthy

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40
Q

Why was MacCarthys arrest crucial for the English?

A

His arrest was just before the campaign which ended the rebellion, he was a threat to the English and was prepared to work with the Spanish as a Catholic

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41
Q

What was the Earl of Essexs background?

A

He was one of Elizabeth’s courts favourites and was the stepson of the Earl of Leicister.

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42
Q

What shows the Englishes poor organisation skills?

A

The fact he did not gave enough equipment to follow through with his planned attack on Ulster. He did not have necessary ships or gun carriages

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43
Q

Whose fault was the poor organisation skills?

A

The English Privy Council, not Essex

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44
Q

What shows that Essexs strategic skills were poor?

A

While waiting for the equipment he needed he sent half of his large army to bolster English garrisons across England. He arrived with the largest Elizabethen army but wasted it by splitting it up

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45
Q

Why was Essexs descion to campaign in Munster unwise?

A

It wore out his troops and created unnecessary expense without acheving any serious military gains. They continued to suggest losses such as Curlew Pass. Although they were not his fault it reflected on him badly

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46
Q

What did Elizabeth write to Essex saying in July 1599?

A

She held him directly responsible for the disasters and lack of progress and she wrote expressing her anger as she wanted to see him as value for the money she had spent.

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47
Q
A
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48
Q

What happened in August 1599?

A

Essex decided to obey Elizabeth and meet Tyrone but he only had 4000 men out of the 17,200 he had arrived with leaving him out numbered.

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49
Q

What mistake did Essex make by meeting with Tyrone?

A

He did it without any witnesses. This played into the hands of his enemy at court, Robert Cecil, who claimed that what Essex had discussed was treasonous

50
Q

What happened on the 24th of September 1599?

A

Essex left Ireland, disobeying Elizabeth’s orders not to abandon his post without permission

51
Q

What did Esssexs disobedience and incompetence lead too?

A

A trial before the privy council and his replacement by Lord Mountjoy

52
Q

What was Mountjoys background?

A

He was another English courtier with considerable experience fighting in the Netherlands and France.

53
Q

When did Mountjoy arrive in Ireland?

A

Febuary 1600

54
Q

What had happened on January 1600?

A

The Truce with Tyrone had expired so Tyrone marched South into Munster with 2000 men and set up camp at the port of Kinsale

55
Q

How many men did Mounjoy have?

A

13,200

56
Q

Who was Mountjoy helped by?

A

The president of Munster, Sir George Carew who was an experienced military commander.

57
Q

Why had rebel control in Ulster been weakened?

A

Tyrones son in law Hugh Maigure had been killed in a skirmish. Maigure was a chieftan in ulster

58
Q

Why did Tyrone decide to withdraw from Kinsale?

A

He did not want to face the English forces who were prepari b to surround him

59
Q

How many reinforcements did Carew have?

A

3000

60
Q

What did Carew begin to do and what did this allow Mountjoy to do?

A

Carew began suppressing the rebellion in Munster whilst Mountjoy could focus on Mountjoy

61
Q

What was Mountjoys first tactic in Ulster?

A

He distracted Tyrone by marching towards the Blackwater River. This meant that Tyrone was focused on this whilst an English force of 4000 men sailed to Lough Foyle on the Northern coast of Ulster helping surround Tyrone

62
Q

What happened in September 1600?

A

Mountjoy took on Tyrone but he was able to resist the English attack

63
Q

During the first attack against Tyrone how manu were killed and wounded of Mountjoys men?

A

75 were killed and 300 wounded

64
Q

Why by this point were the Irish reliant on support and reinforcement from Spain?

A

The Earl was surrounded in Ulster and Carew had managed to bring the rebellion in Munster ro an end.

65
Q

When was the Battle of Kinsale?

A

1601

66
Q

When had Philip 3rd agreed to send Spanish troops to Munster?

A

January 1601 when the rebellion was still alive

67
Q

What had happened by the time the Spanish troops arrived in May 1601?

A

They were too late to help the rebels in Munster and they were cut off from Tyrone who was surrounded and at the other aide of the country.

68
Q

What were the Spanish troops like?

A

Highly trained and had seige guns with them.

69
Q

Why was the arrival of Spanish troops still very dangerous for Mountjoy?

A

He feared the prescience of the Spanish troops would encourage those in Munster to rise again and if Tyrone managed to join them they’d be an even bigger threat.

70
Q

What happened by the end of October 1601?

A

Mountjoy had marched South from Ulster and reaches Kinsale besieging it with 7000 men

71
Q

What did Mountjoys removal from Ulster mean?

A

Tyrone could march south to regain his military advantage. He knew that he needed to win which is why he decided to march even in the bad winter weather which would make military campaign harder.

72
Q

When did Tyrone and Hugh O’Donnell reach Kinsale?

A

The 21st of December 1601

73
Q

How many did Tyrone have in his army?

A

6500

74
Q

Why was Mountjoys army now in a desperate position?

A

They were still besieging Kinsale and were now trapped between the Spanish and Irish armies. They lacked proper defences, they were cold and exhausted and supplies were running low

75
Q

What had disease and desersetion reduced the English numbers too?

A

6,600

76
Q

What did Tyrone prepare to do in the Battle?

A

He and the Spanish planned a joint attack over land and sea and hoped that the Irish men in the English army would join him

77
Q

What happened on the 24th of December 1601?

A

Tyrones army were making the Final preparations when Mountjoy launched a suprise attack

78
Q

What happened when the English cavalary charged during the Battle?

A

The Irish horsemen panicked, turned around and ran into the main body of their own army causing the army to scatter

79
Q

Why did the Spanish not join the Battle?

A

They had been waiting for the Irish to appear at a pre arranged meeting point but the Irish never got there.

80
Q

How long after the Battle of Kinsale did the rebellion take to end?

A

15 months

81
Q

What did Tyrone do after the Battle?

A

Retreated to Ulster

82
Q

What did O’Donnell do after the Battle?

A

Fled to Spain

83
Q

What happened to the Spanish troops?

A

They surrendered in January 1602.

84
Q

When was the seige of Dunboy Castle?

A

June 1602

85
Q

Where was Dunboy castle?

A

The South West Coast of Ireland

86
Q

Who was Dunboy held by?

A

The rebel Donnell O”Sullivan Bere in the name of the Spanish King, it was thought its defences were impossible to breach.

87
Q

In April 1602 how did Carew plan to seige Dunboy?

A

He planned to transport his troops by water using Bere Island as a base to avoid a land crossing through mountainous territory

88
Q

Who was the constable of Donboy?

A

Richard MacGeohegan

89
Q

What did MacGeogan do?

A

He came to speak to Carew. Carew offered him a chance to surrender but the constable refused saying he only came to warn Carew of the dangers of attacking an impregnable fortress.

90
Q

How did MacGeohegan accidentally help the English?

A

He mentioned that if the soldiers tried to land on the beach infront of the castle then they would be trapped. Carew then managed to find another beach which was undefended and they began to build their own defences on this beach.

91
Q

What was Carews determination to attack increased by?

A

The arrival of a Spanish ship carrying gold and weapons so he wanted to take the castle before the Spanish could get there and reinforce it.

92
Q

What happened on the 16th of June 1602?

A

The English finished building their defences and used their canons to open fire on the castle. It began to break down the walls of the castle and MacGeohegan was badly wounded.

93
Q

What happened after the English fired canons on Dunboy?

A

The English launches an assault on the castle itself trapping the remaining defenders in its vaults. Carew ordered the Canon to keep on firing in an attempt to bury the defenders in the rubble.

94
Q

How did the seige end?

A

The rest of the defenders surrendered although MacGeohegan tried to blow up the castle with the rest of the defenders gunpowder.

95
Q

What happened to Dunboy after the seige?

A

Dunboy was destroyed to make sure it could not be used to resist the English in the future.

96
Q

What happened to the defenders after the seige?

A

Despite their surrender, 58 of the defenders were executed in the local market. This meant that out of the 143 men not one survived.

97
Q

What did the seige of Dunboy end?

A

Munster resistance

98
Q

What happened to Tyrone after he escaped to Ulster?

A

Mountjoy pursued him into Ulster with 3000 men. He did not try to fight back but used his knowledge to keep refuge in the woods.

99
Q

What happened in February 1603?

A

After the rest of Tyrones followers had gradually submitted Elizabeth allowed Mountjoy to enter negotiations with Tyrone.

100
Q

When did Tyrone submit to Mountjoy?

A

The 30th of March 1603

101
Q

What were the terms of Tyrones submission?

A

He was pardoned and recognised as the Cheif Lord of Ulster under the English crown

102
Q

Why was Mountjoy probably so generous with Tyrone?

A

The Queen had died 6 days before and Mountjoy was keen to return to England to intrigrate himself with the new James the 6th.

103
Q

What was Elizabeth’s goverment yearly income ?

A

£300,000

104
Q

What was costing Elizabeth money during her reign?

A

The Irish rebellion, the war against the Spanish and maintaining English soldiers in the Netherlands.

105
Q

How much did maintaining English forces in the Netherlands cost a year?

A

£100,000

106
Q

How much per month did garrisoning in Ireland cost the English?

A

£5000

107
Q

By 1597 how much had Elizabeth spent on campaigns in Ulster?

A

£300,000

108
Q

By 1596 what was the largest expense for the English goverment?

A

The war in Ireland

109
Q

What was the problem with the troops Elizabeth sent to Ireland before 1600?

A

They never managed to send enough at a time for it to make a significant difference. Most of them were untrained and inexperienced.

110
Q

What did the English goverment do because they were so desperate to send troops to Ireland?

A

They began to send members of the trained bands

111
Q

What were the trained bands?

A

A group of well trained soldiers who were kept for the defence of each county and were usually exempt from service abroad.

112
Q

Why did soliders not want to serve in Ireland?

A

It was seen as too dangerous

113
Q

What almost happened in 1600 because of soliders not wanting to go to Ireland?

A

There was very nearly a mutiny of Kentish cavalry waiting at Chester to be shipped to Ireland.

114
Q

Who avoided Irish service and what did this mean?

A

Local gentry and yeomenmen made sure they avoided musters for service in Ireland which reduced the quality of the soliders even further.

115
Q

What did most of the cost of providing the armies fall on and whats an example?

A

English counties. In Kent for example, they were responsible for sending 56 cavalry and 600 footmen to Ireland between 1595 and 1602 which cost the county tax payers £3324

116
Q

Why was the 1590s such a bad time for counties to be finding soldiers?

A

There were poor harvests, famine and epidemics of disease.

117
Q

What else did landowners have to bare the increasing costs of aswell as funding soliders?

A

The increasing costs of poor relief and taxation, this resulted in them attempting to evade payments.

118
Q

What happened in Middlesex in 1596?

A

The men refused to contribute to local payments for the musters of men and equipment.

119
Q

What did these financial pressures mean for the English army?

A

They were not large enough, poorly equipped and trained

120
Q

What was Tyrones financial system like?

A

He had developed an efficient financial system that allowed him to fund a well trained and well equipped army. He reorganised Ulster’s economy to increase him income giving him £80,000 per year.

121
Q

How much did it cost Tyrone to have all his army assembled in 1598?

A

About £500 a day but he could afford it.

122
Q

What were the other factors which contributed to England’s poor performance aswell as economy?

A

The English were in unfamiliar territory whilst Tyrone used their knowledge to wage guerilla warfare. There was also the logistical problems of transporting men, horses and equipment to Ireland. Communications were slow and it took time to get reinforcements to the right locations which gave the Irish more time to prepare and plan.

Tudor (21 decks)

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