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Social Behaviour 2019 > The Self > Flashcards

The Self Flashcards

1
Q

Objective self- awareness

Duval and Qicklund 1972

A

state in which you are aware of yourself as an object

–> generated by something like an audience or a mirror

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2
Q

Self-awareness theory

Carver and Scheier 1981

A

There are two types of self we can be aware of:

  • Private self (thoughts, feelings, attitudes)
  • Public self (how others see you)
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3
Q

Deindividuation

A

Reduced self-awareness and a lost sense of idividual identity
–> often engaging in antisocial behaviour

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4
Q

Self-focused Attention (Silvia and Philips 2013)

A

Not self awareness but fous of attention on self

–> first name priming

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5
Q

Looking glass effect

A

we form the concept of self by seeing ourselves as (we think) others see us

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6
Q

Self- Schema

A

long lasting and stable set of memories that summarize a person’s beliefs, experiences and generalizations about the self, in specific behavioral domains

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7
Q

Self-concept

A

combined of a large number of self-schemas

–> everything a person believes to be true about himself

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8
Q

Self-descrepancy Theory

Higgins 1987

A

3 types of self schemas.

  1. Actual self
  2. Ideal self
  3. Ought self
    - -> discrepancy between those selfs motivates us to engage in self-regulation
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9
Q

Regulatory Focus Theory

Higgins 1997

A

2 Self regulatory systems

  • -> the way we self regulate depends on if we are:
    1. promotion focused - concerned with ideals
    2. prevention focused - concerned with oughts
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10
Q

Self-Perception Theory

Bem 1972

A

when internal cues are weak we make inferences about ourself´ves from our behaviour

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11
Q

Social Comparison Theory

Festinger 1954

A

People determine their self-worth by making comparisons to others

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12
Q

Self-evaluation maintenance model

Tesser 1988

A

People who are constrained to make esteem-damaging comparisons can underplay/deny similarity to the target

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13
Q

BIRGing

Cialdini

A

baskin in reflected glory phenomenon

–> we link ourselves with desirable people or groups to improve other people´s impression of us

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14
Q

Types of self and identity

(Brewer and Gardener 1996) -3-

A
  1. Individual self - idiosyncratic personal traits
  2. Relational self - connections and role reltionships with significant others
  3. Collective self - group membership that differentiates us from others
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15
Q

Types of self and identity

(Tajfel and Turner 1986) -2-

A
  1. Social Identity - part of self concep deriving from group memberships
  2. Personal Identity - self defined in terms of idiosyncratic personal attributes
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16
Q

Optimal distinctiveness model

(Brewer

A

we want to be unique and fit in at the same time –> optimally distinctive

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17
Q

Meta contrast principle

A

The prototype of a group is the position within the group that has the largest ratio of differences to ingroup positions to differences to outgroup positions

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18
Q

Social Identity theory

Tajfel and Turner

A

The portion of an individuals slef-concept derived from perceived mombership in a relevant social group

  1. Categorization
  2. Identification
  3. Comparison
  4. Distinctiveness
19
Q

Self-categorisation theory

or social identity theory of the group

A

theory of how the process of categorising oneself as a group member produces social identity and group/ingroup behaviour

20
Q

Self-assassment

A

Motivation to seek new information about ourselves in order to find out what sort of person we really are

21
Q

Self-verification

A

Seeking out information that verifies and confirms what we already know

22
Q

Self-enhancement

A

Motivation to develop and promote favourable image of self

23
Q

Self affirmation theory

Steele

A

We reduce the impact of a threat to our self concept by focusing on and affirming competence in some other area
–> study Mormon women

24
Q

Self-esteem

A

The feeling and evaluation about oneself (evaluative part of the self concept)
–> difference between the real self and the ideal self (Self-descrepancy theory)

25
Q

Terror management theory

A

Most human motivation is to reduce the terror of the inevitable death
–> pursuit of self esteem in order to do so

26
Q

Self enhancing triad

A

We overestimate our good points and control over events and are unrealistically optimistc
–> above average effect

27
Q

Self-serving bias

A

self-serving attributions / perceiving oneself in a more favourably light

28
Q

Unrealistic optimism bias

A

–> self serving bias

illusiory optimism that we are less llikely to experience negative events

29
Q

defensive pessimism

A

–> self serving bias

lowering expectations to prepare oneself for the worst

30
Q

false-uniquness effect

A

–> self serving bias

we underestimate our own communality and see us as overly unique

31
Q

strategic self presentation/ impression management

A

Manipulating someones perception of you:

  1. Self promotion - competence
  2. ingratiation - get people to like you
  3. intimidation - you´re dangerous
  4. exemplification - morally respectable
  5. supplication - Pity and helplessness
32
Q

Michelangelo Phenomenon

A

expectations create reality: positive expectations of others guide them to their ideal self

33
Q

Independent self

A

Unique, autonomous individual, seperate from context

–> Individualist/western cultures

34
Q

Interdependent self

A

Connected with others, embedded in social context

–> Collectivist/eastern Cultures

35
Q

Likeliness of correspondent attribution when:

A

o The behavior is freely chosen
o The behavior is exclusive (or non-common)
o The behavior is high in personalism
o The behavior is low in social desirability
o The behavior is hedonically relevant

36
Q

Self reference effect

A

we remember information better when it´s connected to our self

37
Q

Article about subliminal comparison
(Mussweiler)
People were shown a letter sting where then a cue word was shown that was supposed to be aggressiveness related or not (subliminally)

A
  • Self-evaluations influenced by subliminally (unterschwellig) presented standards
    o Simulated towards moderate standards and contrasted away from extreme
    o Only when participants where engaged in self-reflection during exposure

–> Social comparison truly ubiquitous (allgegenwärtig) processes that are engaged even for fleeting exposure to standard information

38
Q

Self regulation

A

Strategies we use to match our behaviour to an ideal or ought standard

39
Q

Overjustification effect

A

In the absence of obvious external determinants of our behaviour, we assume that we freely choose the behaviour because we enjoy it

40
Q

Study to overjustification effecr

by Mark Lepper

A

they had nursery school children draw and some of them did it of their own free will the other had to be persuaded through a reward

  • -> a week later the ones who didnt receive a reward were much more likely to draw because they thought they did it because they liked it
  • -> overjustification effect can be reversed if we infere that we only did something for the reward and therefore dont actually like doing it
41
Q

Self evaluation maintenance model

Tesser

A

People who are constrained to make esteem-damaging unpward comparisons can underplay or deny similarity to the target, or they can withdraw from their relationship with the target
–> see medalists at the olympics
silver medalists have to compare themselves to the first place and therefore show less satisfaction then for example bronze medallists who can make downward comparisons

42
Q

Study for self affirmation theory

–> Mormon Women ins Salt Lake City

A

they asked for willingness to take part in a time consuming study and those who agreed would be calleed back in a week
then three conditions received a call two days earlier where the mormon community was describe as either:
● un-cooperative with community projects (a direct threat to a core component of their self-concept), or
● un-concerned about driver safety and care (a threat to a relatively irrelevant component of their self-concept), or
● cooperative with community projects (positive reinforcement of their self-concept).

the two threats greatly increased the probability that the woman would agree to the participation

43
Q

Dark Triad

A

Narcissism, Machiavellianism and Psychopathy

44
Q

Symbolic Interactionism

A

Theory of how the self emerges from human interaction, which involves people trading symbols (through language and gesture) that are usually consensual and represent abstract properties rather than concrete objects.

Social Behaviour 2019 (9 decks)

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