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Social Behaviour 2019 > Social Cognition > Flashcards

Social Cognition Flashcards

1
Q

Social Cognition

A

How human thought, feeling and behaviour is influenced and has influence on other people
–> Subconcious

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2
Q

Gestalt Psychology

Lewin 1951

A

Understanding and perceiving the whole sum of an object rather than its components
–> The whole influences the components and not vice versa

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3
Q 
Configural Model 
(Solomon Asch 1946)
A

Impression formation based on central traits

e.g. warmth (good/bad)

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4
Q

Primacy effect

A

Earlier presented information has more influence on impression

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5
Q

Recency effect

A

Later presented infromation has more effect on impression

less common

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6
Q

Effect of positive and negative information on impression

A

Without info –> favourable impression
one negative info –> disproportionate significance
–> biased towards negativity

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7
Q

Why do we remember negative information more strongly?

A
  1. its unusual and distinctive
  2. signifies potential danger

–> sleeper effect

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8
Q

Stereotype

A

widely shared assumption of people in certain groups

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9
Q

Does attractiveness influence impression

A

yes! attractive people are seen as ‘good’, more likeable and more competent

–> first impression, primacy effect

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10
Q

Social Judgability

A

Perception of whether it is acceptable to judge a specific target

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11
Q

Personal (idiosyncratic) construct

A

Different people form different impressions of the same person

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12
Q

Cognitive consistency

A

People try to reduce inconsistency in their cognition

–> inconsistency is unpleasant

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13
Q

cognitive miser

A

The human mind is a cognitive miser because it tends to use the least demanding cognitive process to solve problems and produce behaviour

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14
Q

Motivated Tactician

A

We have multiple cognitive processes to choose from - motivated tacticians choose based on goals, motives and needs

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15
Q

Schema

A

A cognitive structure about a concept, in order to make sense if a person, situation, event or place

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16
Q

Self schema

A

Information of ourselves

–> a concept of who we are

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17
Q

Person schema

A

individualized schemas about specific people

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18
Q

Role schemas

A

schema about role accupants or social groups

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19
Q

Script

A

Schema about an event

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20
Q

Social category

A

A group of people, places and things that have commonalities and shared characteristics

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21
Q

Prototype

A

A representative for a category

–> usually the most extreme avarage

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22
Q

fuzzy set

A

the way categories are organized

–> no individual fits perfectly a prototype

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23
Q

examplar

A

a representative for a category

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24
Q

associative networks

A

affectively, causally or associatively linked attributes

  • -> nodes of ideas are connected by associative links
    e. g. bacon and eggs

–> priming

25
Q

Ways to change cognitive schemas

Rothbart

A
  1. Bookkeeping - gradual change due to evidence
  2. Conversion - sudden change due to disconfirming evidence
  3. Subtyping - inconsistent info causes the formation of subcategories
26
Q

Salience

A

Attention capturing/idiosyncratic information

27
Q

Vividness

A

Intrinsic property of information that is:

  • emotionally interesting
  • encrete and image provoking
  • close in time and place
28
Q

Accessability

A

The ease of recall of categories / schemas that exist in our head
–> primed to be used to interprete behaviour

29
Q

Behavioural decision theory

Einhorn / Hogart 1981

A

A set of normative models for making accurate influences

30
Q

Base-Rate information

A

factual and statistical information of an entire group or an event
–> often underused

31
Q

Illusory correlation

A

Cognitive exagggeration of co-occurrences of two stimuli or events caused by:

  1. association
  2. distinctiveness
  • -> association networks, priming
  • -> negative events are distinctive as are minority groups
  • -> demonstrateed by Chapman - studends became a list of words and had to say how often words were paired together
  • they overestimated meaninful pairs and distinctive pairs
  • minority groups are distinctive and negative traits are distinctive so they go good together –> prejudice
32
Q

Heuristics - types

A

cognitive short cuts

  1. Representative - similarity
  2. Availability - how fast they are available
  3. Anchoring and adjustment - tied to initian schemas
33
Q

affect infusion model

A

social judgement reflects current mood (directly or indirectly)

34
Q

Naive psychologist

Heider 1958

A

Theory about how people intuitively attribute behaviour of others internally or externally –> more often internally/dispositionally
- model of social cognition where we use a cause-effect analysis to understand peoples behaviours

35
Q

Internal / External Attribution

A

Determining causality in people´s behaviour:
Assesing the cause of behaviour
- internally –> to dispositional factors
- exteernally –> to situational factors

36
Q

Correspondent Inference Theory

Jones and Davis 1965

A

people make causal attributions of bahaviour to underlying dispositions (internally)
–> we like this because dispositions are stable and give a sense of control

  • -> especially when actions are
    1. freely chosen
    2. have non-common effects
    3. are not socially desirable
    4. are high in personalism (are related to ourselfs)
37
Q

Outcome bias

A

The error made in evaluating a behaviour when the outcome is already known
or the belief that the outcomes of a behaviour were intendet by the actor

38
Q

Covariation Model/Attribution Theory

Kelley 1967

A 
People make causal inferences to why people behave the way they do
based on:
- Consistency
- Distinctiveness
- Consensus
--> internally or externally attributed
39
Q

Self-Perception Theory

Bem

A

We develope attitudes by observing our own behaviour and making self-attributions

40
Q

Task performance attributions (Weiner)

A

Peoples success or failure is attributed causally to internal or external factors

  1. Locus
  2. Stability
  3. Controllability

–> determines the emotion felt towards someones success or failure

41
Q

False consensus effect

A

We see our own behaviour as more typical than it is and expect other people to think in the same way

42
Q

Actor-observer effect/bias

A

The tendency to attribute our own bahaviour externally and others internally

–> their behaviour is more stable and predictable than our own

43
Q

Self enhancing bias

A

we take credit for our own success (internal attribution)

44
Q

self protecting bias

A

we explain away our own negative behaviour (external attribution)

45
Q

self handicapping

A

Publicly making advance external attributions for our anticipated faliure

46
Q

Belief in a just world

A

good things happen to good people
bad things happen to bad people
–> people get what they deserve

47
Q

Illusion of control

A

Belief that we have more control over our world than we actually do

48
Q

Correspondence bias /

Fundamental Attribution error

A

The general tendency to overly attribute behaviour to stable underlying dispositions and to under-emphasize situational factors
–> correspondent inference thory (Jones and Davis)

because of:

  • selective perception
  • wrong expectations
49
Q

Ultimate Attribution error (Pettigrew)

A

Fundamental attribution error on group basis
positive things for ingroup internally for out group externally and vice versa for negative things

  • -> caused by Ethnocentrism- the preference for all aspects of our ingroup
  • group enhancing bias
  • -social identity theory–self-esteem
50
Q

Essentialism

A

> Behaviour is considered to reflect underlying, immutable and innate properties of people or the groups they belong to

51
Q

Social encoding

A

1) Pre-attentive analysis – non-conscious scanning of environment
2) Focal attention – conscious identification and categorization of the stimuli
3) Comprehension – meaning is given
4) Elaborative reasoning– stimulus linked to knowledge

52
Q

Implicit Personality Theory

A

General principle what sorts of characteristics go together to form certain types of personalities

53
Q

Example experiment
Thought surpression
–> do not think of the White Bear

A

Rebound effect - When we suppress thoughts but then they come back stronger

  • -> thought surpression can lead to obsession
  • -> creates availablitiy heuristic
  • -> emotional catharisis helps (no bottled up feelings)
  • -> surpression can backfire
  • -> can lead to addiction- not being able to stop to smoke because of thought surpression
54
Q

Asch´s experiment - Configural Model

A

People read one of two lists of seven adjectives describing a person

  • one including the word warm and one including the word cold
  • -> people evaluated the person whose list incluede warm more favourably

–> central traits have more influence - warmth

–> replicated by Kelley

55
Q

Changing schemans example

Trial Lawyers US

A

They introduce inadmissible evidence wich is immediatle instructed to be disregarded by the jury –> but the first impression lingers even if it was false

  • -> especially if it was negative –> very distinctive
  • primacy effect
56
Q

Heider and Simmel experiment

–> looking for causes of peoples behaviour to discover their motives

A

people were asked to describe the movement of abstract geometric figures

  • -> they described them like humans with intentions to act in certain ways
  • -> pervasive need for causal explanations
57
Q

Experiment - fundamental attribution error

–> freedom of choice in writing a speech

A

Students who freely chose to write a pro- or an anti-Castro speech were attributed with a pro- or anti-Castro attitude respectively.
–> Although less strong, this same tendency to attribute the speech to an underlying disposition (the fundamental attribution error) prevailed when the writers had no choice and were simply instructed to write the speech.

58
Q

Example self handycapping

Berglas and Jones

A

Students had problems that were solvable or unsolvable and then could choos a performance enhancing or inhibiting drug

  • ->Students who had done well on a solvable puzzle could attribute their performance internally (e.g. to ability): anticipating an equally good performance on a second similar task, they chose a performance-enhancing drug, Actavil, rather than a performance-impairing drug, Pandocrin
  • ->Students who had done well on a not-solvable puzzle could only attribute their performance externally (e.g. to luck): with the prospect of an equivalent performance on the second task they chose the performance-impairing drug, as the self-handicapping option.

Social Behaviour 2019 (9 decks)

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