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Social Behaviour 2019 > Attitudes > Flashcards

Attitudes Flashcards

1
Q

Attitude

A

A relatively enduring organisation of beliefs, feelings and behavioural tendencies towards socially significant objects, groups or symbols.

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2
Q

Three component attitude model

A

Consists of an affective, a behavioural and a cognitive component
–> ABC

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3
Q

cognitive algebra

A

We mentally average out the values attatced to information that are collected and stored in memory about an attitude object
–> information integration theory

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4
Q

Mere exposurer effect

A

repeated exposure to an object results ingreater attraction to that object and is likely to affect how we evaluate it

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5
Q

Classical/evaluative conditioning

A

A stimulus will become more or less liked if it is consistently paired with stimuli that are either possitive or negative

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6
Q

Instrumental conditioning

A

Behaviour that is followed be a positive consequence is reinforced and more likely to be repeated
- vice versa for negative consequences

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7
Q

spreading attitude effect

A

A liked or disliked person/attitude object may affect the evaluation of a secon person directly associated with the first one

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8
Q

Theory of reasoned action

A

A specific attitude that has normative support predicts an intention to act, which then predicts actual behaviour

  • belief-intention-action-
  • -> example chinese couple visiting restaurants in the US
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9
Q

Planned behaviour

A

suggests that predicting behaviour from an attitude measure is improved if people have control over that behaviour

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10
Q

Protection motivation theory (Rogers)

A

proposes that people protect themselves based on four factors: the perceived severity of a threatening event, the perceived probability of the occurrence, or vulnerability, the efficacy of the recommended preventive behavior, and the perceived self efficacy.

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11
Q

moderator variables

A

Variables that qualify an otherwise simple hypothesis with a view to improving its predictive power

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12
Q

values

A

A higher order concept thought to provide a structure for organizing attitudes
- general beliefs about desirable behaviour and goals with an ‘oughtness’ quality about them
wider set of attitudes

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13
Q

Ideology

A

An integrated and widely shared system of belifes, usually with social or political reference, that serve an eexplanatory function

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14
Q

The yale approach to communication and persuation

A

To understand why people accept a persuasive message one has to study

  1. the communicator/source
  2. the communication/message
  3. the audience
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15
Q

Sleeper effect

A

The impact of a persuasive message can increase over time when a discounting cue, such as an invalid source, can no longer e recalled.

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16
Q

Ellabration likelyhood model
(Petty, Cacioppo)

–> Dual-process models of persuasion

A

Persuasion follows two routes depending on whether we expect:

  1. great cognitive effort –> central route
  2. little cognitive effort –> peripheral route and cues
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17
Q

heuristic systematic model
(Chaiken)

–> Dual-process models of persuasion

A

two ways of processing:

  1. systematic processing - when people scan and consider available arguments
  2. heuristic processing - when we use shortcuts instead of careful reasoning
18
Q

Foot in the door tactic

A

If someone agrees to a small request, they will be more willing to comply later with a, larger request

19
Q

Door in the face tactic

A

If someone is asked for a large favour, that they deny, then they will agree to a smaller (initially planned) request later

20
Q

Low ball tactic

A

If a person agrees to a request they still feel committed to it after finding out that there are hidden costs

21
Q

reciprocity principle

A

If we do others a favour, the feel obliged to reciprocate

22
Q

Cognitive dissonance theory

Festinger

A

we seek harmony in our attitudes, beliefs and behaviour
–> therefore we try to reduce tension from incsonsistencies between these elements by changing one or more of the inconsistent cognitions

23
Q

selective exposure hypothesis

A

people attempt to avoid exposure to ideas that produce potentially dissonsnt infromation

24
Q

effort justification theory

A

inconsistency is experienced when a person makes a considerable effort to achieve a modest goal
–> when we volutarily do something usually rated negative then we conclude that it has to be positive because we choose to do it

25
Q

induced compliance paradigm

A

a person experiences inconsistency when it is persuaded to behave a way that is contrary to an attitude

  • -> leads to post decisional conflict (the dissonance experienced by behaving in an counterattitudinal way)
  • then attitude has to be brought in line with behaviour
26
Q

Balance theory

Heider

A

people prefer attitudes that are consisten with each other

27
Q

Rectance

A

when attemted to persuade, people try to protect their freedom to act (have an attitude) by counter arguments or shifting more overtly into the opposite direction

28
Q

Forewarning

A

Advance knowledge that one is to be the target of persuasion, often produces resistance to it

29
Q

Inoculation

A

A way of making people resistant to persuasion by providing them with a weakened counter-argument so that they can build up effective refutations to a later, stronger argument
–> defence tactic

30
Q

Two kinds of attitudes

A
  1. Belief based attitudes
  2. Cue-driven attitudes (automatic)
    - -> research through implicit associations test (Dutch-german/active-lazy)
31
Q

Belief based (reasoned) attitudes process

A

Situation–>Attitude formation influenced by motivation and opportunity–> intention–>behaviour

32
Q

Cue driven (automatic) evaluations process

A

External trigger–>Attitude activation–>selective perception–>behaviour

33
Q

Example: Changing attitudes and cognitive dissonance–> mail delivery drivers

A
  • -> providing the drivers with information and actually showing them (intervention)
  • -> made drive more environmentally friendly
34
Q

Example: Protection Motivation theory

–> smoking

A

–> if you only show the threat on the packages and not a coping mechanism you will not move poeple to stop smoking but rather push them into a defensive position where they are justifying tthemselves and looking for excuses

35
Q

Moderator Variables for Attitudes

A
  • Situation
  • Personality
  • Habit
  • Sense of control
  • Direct experience
  • Mood
  • Cognitive biases
  • Self and Identity
36
Q

Third person effect

A

Most people think they are less influenced than others

37
Q

Framing of a message

A

The way a message is framed or slanted can have a subtle effect on the meaning on the meaning and therefore on how it is perceived

  1. positive message framing –> e.g. buying it leads to gain
  2. negative message framing –> e.g. not buying it leads to loss
38
Q

Tactics for enhancing compliance

A
  • intimidation
  • exemplification (guilt)
  • supplication (pity)
  • self promotion (respect and competence)
  • ingratiation (sympathy with following request)
39
Q

Attitude change through self perception theory

A

if we act outside our attitude latitude we experience dissonance
–> then we might change our attitudes trough a self-attributional process such as self perception

40
Q

Example: Systematic processing or heuristics (Chaiken and Maheswaran)
–> studends and telephone ansering machine

A

They were supposed to rate a new telephone answering machine with the independen variables

  • task importance- source credibility
  • message type
  • ->for unimportant task the heuistic processing was used
  • -> for important task the systematic processing was used
41
Q

example: attitude change following induced compliance
by Zimbardo
–> marines and grashoppers

A

Marines were asked to eat grashoppers (goes against attitude) in either a nice and friendly way or in a formal and stiff way

  • -> the ones that were asked friendly could explain their behaviour by saying the wanted to please the nice person so the attitude didnt change
  • -> the ones who were asked in a formal/stiff way couldnt do that and therfore brought their attitude in line with their behaviour
  • they were way more likely to say that it wasnt that bad and they would do it again

Social Behaviour 2019 (9 decks)

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