Prejudice and Discrimination

Question 1

Three Attitude Component Model

Answer 1

An attitude consists of cognitive, affective and behavioral components

1. Cognitive - believes about the attitude object
2. Affective - strong feelings about attitude object and qualities it is believed to possess
3. Conative - intentions to behave in certain ways towards the attitude object

Question 2

Dehumanization

Answer 2

Stripping someone of their dignity and humanity

Question 3

stereotypes

Answer 3

widely shared and simplyfied view of a social group and its members

Question 4

sex role

Answer 4

behaviour that is deemed appropriate based on sex stereotypes

Question 5

Glass ceiling

Answer 5

An invisible barrier that prevents women, and minorities, from attaining top leadership positions

Question 6

Glass cliff

Answer 6

Tendency for women rather than men to be appointed to precarious leadership positions associated with a high probability of failure and criticism

Question 7

Face-ism

Answer 7

Media depiction that gives greater prominence to the head and less prominence to the body for men, but vice versa for women

Question 8

Racism

Answer 8

Prejudice and discrimination against someone based on the ethnicity or race of that person

Question 9

Ageism

Answer 9

Prejudice and Discrimination against elderly people

Question 10

Homophobia

Answer 10

Discrimination against members of the LGBTQ community

Question 11

Tokenism

Answer 11

Relatively small and trivial positive act towards members of a minority group
–> action is then invoked to deflect accusations of prejudice

Question 12

Reverse Discrimination

Answer 12

Practice of publicly being prejudiced in favor of a minority group in order to deflect accusations of prejudice and discrimination against that group
–> strong Form of tokenism

Question 13

Stigma

Answer 13

Group attributes that mediate a negative social evaluation of people belonging to that group
hinges on two factors :
1. visibility (race, gender, obesity) 
2.  concealability (sexuality, illness) 
3. controllability

Question 14

Stereotype threat

Answer 14

Feeling that we will be judged and treated in terms of negative stereotypes of our group, and that we will inadvertently confirm these stereotypes through our behavior

Question 15

Self fulfilling profecy

Answer 15

Expectations and assumptions about a person that influence our interaction with that person and eventually change their behavior in line with our expectations

Question 16

Mere exposure effect

Answer 16

repeated exposure to an object results in greater attraction to that object

Question 17

Frustration-aggression theory

Answer 17

Theory that all frustration leads to aggression, and all aggression comes from frustration
–> used to explain prejudice and intergroup agression

Question 18

Displacement

Answer 18

Psychodyinamic concept that referring to the transfer of negative feelings on to an individual or group other than that which originally caused the negative feelings
–> scapegoat

Question 19

The authoritarian personality

Answer 19

Syndrome of personality characteristics originating in childhood that predispose individuals to be prejudiced

Question 20

Dogmatism

Answer 20

Cognitive style that is rigid and intolerant and predispose people to be prejudiced

Question 21

Social Dominance Theory

Answer 21

prejudices are attributed to an idividual´s acceptance of an ideology that legitimizes ingroup-serving hierarchy and domination
–> rejection of egalitarian ideologies

Question 22

System justification Theory

Answer 22

theory that attributes social stasis to people´s adherence to an ideology that justifies and protects the status quo in relation to leadershiü

Question 23

Belief congruence

Answer 23

theory that similar beliefs promote liking and social harmony among people while dissimilar beliefs produce dislike and prejudice

Question 24

Relative deprivation

Answer 24

a sense of having less than we feel entitled to

• -> always relative to other conditions
• -> arises from comparison
  1. egoistic - relative to other individuals
  2. fraternalistic - relative to members of other groups

Question 25

Ethnocentrism

Answer 25

evaluative preference for all aspects of our own froup relative to other groups

Question 26

Realistic conflict theory

Answer 26

theory that the nature of goal relationships among individuals and groups determines the nature of individual and intergroup relations

Question 27

Minimal group paradigm

Answer 27

merely being categorized as a group member produces ethnocentrism and competitive intergroup behaviour

Question 28

Intergroup emotions theory (Mackie, Smith)

Answer 28

Theory that, in group contexts, appraisals of personal harm or benefit in a situation operate at the level of social identity and thus produce mainly positive ingroup and negative outgroup emotions

Question 29

Deindividuation

Answer 29

process whereby people lose their sense of socialized individual identity and engage in unsocialized often antisocial behaviour

Question 30

emergent norm theory

Answer 30

collective ehaviour is regulated by norms based on distinctive behaviour that arises in the initially normless crowd

Question 31

weapons effect

Answer 31

the mere presence of a weapon increases probability that it will be used aggressively

Question 32

contact hypothesis

Answer 32

The view that bringing members of opposing social groups together will improve intergroup relations and reduce prejudice and discrimination

Question 33

bargaining

Answer 33

Process of intergroup conflict resolution where representatives reach agreement through direct negotiation

Question 34

mediation

Answer 34

process of intergroup conflict resolution where neutral third party intervenes in negotiation process to facilitate

Question 35

Arbitration

Answer 35

process of intergroup conflict resolution in which neutral third party is invited to impose a mutually binding settlement

Question 36

Conciliation

Answer 36

process whereby groups make cooperative gestures to one another in the hope of avoiding an escalation of conflict

Question 37

Envious Prejudice

Example WW2

Answer 37

A group is viewed as cold but competent

–> stereotypes of Jews where they are derogated for being greedy but admired for being clever

Question 38

attributional ambiguuity

Answer 38

a person who received himself as stigmatized can protect their self esteem by attributing negative feedback to prejudice

Question 39

Role congruity theory

Answer 39

Mainly applied to the gender gap in leadership – because social stereotypes of women are inconsistent with people’s schemas of effective leadership, women are evaluated as poor leaders.

Question 40

Success explanations based on sex

Answer 40

By a man attributed to ability or a high level of effort
–> performance viewed as more deserving of reward or recognition

By a woman attributed to luck or an easy task
–> performance viewed as less deservig of reward or recognition

Question 41

Example Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis

Antisemitism

Answer 41

Arousal Through first world war

• defeat of germany by western allies followed by treaty of versailles (frustration)
• -economical crisis (frustration and arousa to aggress)
• –location of scapegoat –> jews - catharsis achieved be displacement of agression

Question 42

Example: Realistic Conflict theory

by Sherif

Answer 42

Boys at a camp in two groups developed very quickly ethnocentrism for their own goup and unfavourable attitudes for the outgroup but only as long they had competitive/exclusive goals
–> when the goals were share and there was no competition it lead to intergroup cooperation and harmony

Question 43

Accentuation effect

Answer 43

Overestimation of similarities among people within a category and dissimilarities between people from different categories

Question 44

Relative homogenity effect

Answer 44

Tendency to see outgroup members as all the same, and ingroup members as more differentiated

Question 45

Extemdet contact

Answer 45

Knowing about an ingroup member who shares a close relationship with an outgroup member can improve one’s own attitudes towards the outgroup.