The Second Half Of The Industrial Revolution 1850-1900

Question 1

Improvements:

Answer 1

• industrial patronage
• increase in wages and time of sport
• Communication
• values of athleticism
• theee tier society
• ex-public school boys

Question 2

Health and hygiene improved

Answer 2

-as a result of gradual improvements in living conditions and local council provision of public baths to improve cleanliness and help stop spread disease, enabling more energy and willingness to participate in sport

Question 3

Gradual increase in wages and more time for sport

Answer 3

-due to the ‘factory act’ and Saturday half day is being provided to the workers (more time to participate)

Question 4

Development of the middle class

Answer 4

-Self-made man who took advantage of the new business opportunities. This change ways of behaviour and playing sport. It became more respectful, was played at a higher moral code, develop leaders and competitions. Provided facilities, public parks via their involvement in the local council, they gave more time off work

Question 5

Ex public school boys-

Answer 5

-via industry, church helped to promote sport

Question 6

Values of athleticism

Answer 6

-always trying hard and working to the best of your ability

Question 7

Industrial patronage

Answer 7

• led to provisions of recreation of recreation and sport- factory teams were set up, supporting facilities were provided and excursions to the seaside were organised

Question 8

Improvements in transport and communications

Answer 8

Via development of roads and steam trains influenced the distance spectators and players could travel, and leagues were established. Fixtures and leagues were published in the papers

Question 9

Cheaper travel

Answer 9

Meant that participation in sport and the spectating if sport because more accessible

Question 10

Define urbanisation

Answer 10

Large numbers of people migrating/ moving from rural areas into towns and cities, seeking regular work in the factories

Question 11

Urbanisation:

Answer 11

• in the industrial period had a huge impact on the development of many sports we played today
• as many violent sports such as mob football were banned as society became more civilised m, new forms of entertainment emerged
• a large working class population created a demand for mass entertainment, while a lack of space created the need for development of purpose built facilities
• gradual improvement in working class confitions through government leaders legislation resulted in more free time for workers to spend engaged in entertainment, and as a result consequence, attendance at football matches and other activities increased as football grounds and other purpose built facilities were constructed to meet the raising demand

Question 12

4 points to summarise key features of urbanisation and the development of sport

Answer 12

• lack of work space: in cities, unlike the countryside, space was at a premium. This led to the development of purpose built facilities (football grounds)
• large working class population: urbanisation means a large working class population that needed entertaining, resulting in mass spectator numbers at football and right by matches for the first time
• change in working class conditions: initially, the working classes worked long hours in the factories, and had limited free time. Income or energy to devote to sport. As the situation improves sport attendance and participation
• loss of traditional sports: many working class traditional sports such as mob games were banned in a civilised urban society, so there was a need for me sports to emerge

Question 13

Transport

Answer 13

• the development of steam trains and railways increased spectator participation opportunities and spread interests in sport
• faster trains enable people to travel further and more easily, giving more time for sport matches
• spectators could follow their teams to sway matches and regular National fixtures, leagues and cup competitions developed, creating unified rules
• field sports, climbing and walking all became more accessible via improved access to the countryside
• employers often sponsored excursions to the seaside and countryside

Question 14

How did railways develop sport?

Answer 14

• movements of teams/spectators: nationwide developing on a regular basis
• improves access to different parts of the country- leagues were able to be formed, involving clubs from across the country
• cheaper train travel- led to the working classes following their teams home and away
• improves access to the countryside - activities in rural areas were reachable and affordable

Question 15

How did the church influence sport?

Answer 15

• played a big part in people lives pre 1800 but particularly the lives of formal people
• church facilities such as halls provided facilities
• encouraged civilised behaviour - the shift in behaviour from popular recreation to rational recreation (ie not drinking/ gambling)
• increased attendance at church ceremonies and holy days
• the church organised sports teams such as football
• the church promoted so oils control (improved behaviour) through civilised activities
• this diverted people away from drinking and gambling

Question 16

Muscular Christianity

Answer 16

Used sport especially association football to get more people to church

• church created teams
• Sunday school got more involved also as more young people wanted to take part
• YMCA- cubs developed through the church

Question 17

The emergence of the middle class in a three-tier society

Answer 17

-unlike their social superiors in the upper-class, many of the middle-class was self-made individuals who had some empathy and concern for the working classes. They improve the lives of the working classes via improvement in sporting provisions.

Question 18

Codification

Answer 18

-The development of strict rules as public school and university boys played a key role in the formation of many national governing bodies (NGBS) of sport

Question 19

Competition

Answer 19

-The development of leagues and competitions via middle classes to participate in sport

Question 20

Moved to professionalism

Answer 20

The middle classes helped in the development of early commercial/professional sport. (Acting as agents, promoters, factory owners setting up teams) and

Question 21

Public provisions

Answer 21

The development of facilities for middle-class philanthropists

Question 22

Define philanthropists

Answer 22

Kind, generous, middle-class individuals who had a social conscience and were keen to try to provide for a better life among the working class

Question 23

Preindustrial factors/post-industrial factored

Answer 23

preindustrial factors:

• seasonal times/agricultural time
• Limited transport/communication
• widespread illiteracy
• uncivilised lifestyles, Limited law and order
• feudal society: two tier society
• Limited technology

Post-industrial factors

• Machine time/industrial time
• improved transport/communication
• increased literacy
• civilised lifestyle, increased law and order
• emergence of new middle-class/three tier society
• more advanced technology

Question 24

Public provisions

Answer 24

• The development of public baths and urban and industrial areas positively influence the opportunities for working-class rational recreation
• The wash house act of 1846 was established to try and combat the disease that had become widespread because of poor living conditions and pollution
• first and second class public bathhouse facilities were provided. This reflected the social class a person came from
• such involvement in positive physical activity was seen as a means of social control of the working class (keeping them away from drinking and gambling violence)
• helps improve productivity at works as workers became healthier
• lead to other reform acts e.g. The municipal reform act and parks

Question 25

Define public provisions

Answer 25

Local council provision of facilities e.g. recreational sport for the masses to participate

Question 26

Preindustrial versus post-industrial

Answer 26

Pre:
-class divisions – mob football
-physical/violent
– males only
– few unwritten rules
-violent
-very very very little equipment
-force based

Post:
-class divisions – association football
-exclusivity/ NGBS
-regular fixtures
-spectators
-written rules
– skill based
– commercialised professionals