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Cellular Biology and Biochemistry > The scaffold of the cell > Flashcards

The scaffold of the cell Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three components of the cytoskeleton?

A

Actin microfilaments
Tubulin microtubules
Intermediate filaments

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2
Q

What are cytoskeleton filaments made of?

A

Smaller subunits

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3
Q

What is the role of microtubules?

A

Maintenance of cell shape
Swimming and surface movement of fluids (cilia)
Mitotic spindle in mitosis
Protein transport

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4
Q

What are microtubules attached to?

A

A centrosome or centriole

A basal body

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5
Q

Describe tubulin

A

A dimer of 100kDa
Alpha and beta subunits
Can bind two GTP molecules

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6
Q

Describe the structure of a microtubule

A

Tubulin heterodimer forms a protofilament

Many protofilaments form a microtubule with a lumen in the middle

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7
Q

Describe the process of in vitro microtubule growth

A 
Tubulin monomers form dimers
Dimers polymerise into oligomers
Oligomers grow into linear protofilaments
Microtubules form
Elongate by reversibly adding dimers
Preferentially at the +ve end
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8
Q

Where do microtubules originate from in vivo?

A

Microtubule organising centre

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9
Q

Describe tubulin

A

A dimer of 100kDa
Alpha and beta subunits
Can bind two GTP molecules

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10
Q

Describe the structure of a microtubule

A

Tubulin heterodimer forms a protofilament

Many protofilaments form a microtubule with a lumen in the middle

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11
Q

Describe the process of in vitro microtubule growth

A 
Tubulin monomers form dimers
Dimers polymerise into oligomers
Oligomers grow into linear protofilaments
Microtubules form
Elongate by reversibly adding dimers
Preferentially at the +ve end
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12
Q

How are microtubules affected by drugs?

A

Drugs either inhibit polymerisation or promote it

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13
Q

When are microtubule drugs used?

A

Anti cancer agents

Disrupts mitosis and cell division

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14
Q

What are microtubule associated proteins?

A

A family of proteins that bind to and stabilise microtubules

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15
Q

What is the function of MAPs?

A

The binding of MAPs makes polymerisation quicker
Stabilises the microtubules
Binds the microtubule to other microtubules or actin or vesicles

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16
Q

Which is the thickest cytoskeletal filament?

A

Microtubules at 25nm

17
Q

Name some structures formed by actin filaments

A

Microvilli
Filopodia
Contractile ring

18
Q

How large is actin?

A

An actin monomer is 42kDa in size

19
Q

What is the role of actin filaments in cells?

A

Maintenance of cell shape
Cell movement and chemotaxis
Interaction with the environment
Movement of vesicles, proteins and organelles

20
Q

Name some structures formed by actin filaments

A

Microvilli
Filopodia
Contractile ring

21
Q

What are the three subtypes of actin?

A

Alpha
Beta
Gamma

22
Q

What binds to actin?

A

1 molecule of ATP or ADP

23
Q

What is the monomer of actin?

A

G-actin

24
Q

What is the polymer of actin?

A

F-actin

25
Q

How many iso forms of actin are there?

A

4 in muscle

2 in cytoskeleton

26
Q

How large is an F-actin filament?

A

5-9nm diameter

27
Q

What is the structure of an F-actin filament?

A

2 stranded twisted beads

28
Q

What are actin binding proteins?

A

A family of proteins that regulate actin filaments

29
Q

Describe the monomer of an intermediate filament

A

Chain with heads at each end

30
Q

What is the dimer of intermediate filaments?

A

Coiled-coil

Two monomers twisted round each other

31
Q

What is the tetramer of an intermediate filament?

A

Two coiled coils are staggered, side by side

32
Q

How does a intermediate filament form?

A

8 staggered tetramers wide

Twisted into a rope like filament

33
Q

Give an example of an intermediate filament within the cell

A

Keratin

34
Q

Which cytoskeletal filaments are contractile?

A

Microfilaments

Microtubules

35
Q

What is the diameter of an intermediate filament?

A

10nm

36
Q

Which cytoskeletal filaments are deformable?

A

Microtubules

Intermediate filaments

37
Q

Which cytoskeletal filaments can withstand force?

A

Microfilaments

Intermediate filaments

Cellular Biology and Biochemistry (22 decks)

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