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Cellular Biology and Biochemistry > Charge and shape in biological molecules > Flashcards

Charge and shape in biological molecules Flashcards

1
Q

The nucleus consists of…

A

…protons and neutrons

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2
Q

What are the mass and charges of neutrons and protons

A

Mass: 1 for both
Proton charge: +1
Neutron charge: 0

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3
Q

What volume of the atom does the nucleus account for?

A

1/100,000th

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4
Q

What surrounds the nucleus?

A

A cloud of electrons

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5
Q

Give the nominal mass and charge of an electron

A

0 and -1

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6
Q

What is atomic number?

A

The number of protons in an atom

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7
Q

How are cations formed?

A

Loss of electrons

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8
Q

How are anions formed?

A

Gain of electrons

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9
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

A bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms

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10
Q

How strong are covalent bonds?

A

Very strong

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11
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

An attraction between N, O or F and a H on another molecule

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12
Q

What type of bonding is present in liquid water?

A

Covalent bonds: sharing electrons between oxygen and hydrogen
Hydrogen bonds: between adjacent molecules

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13
Q

What kind of environment is water?

A

Polar

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14
Q

What will water easily solubilise?

A

Other polar molecules, regions of molecules or ions

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15
Q

What makes something hydrophilic?

A

Charge
Hydrogen bonding potential
Low proportion of carbon atoms

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16
Q

What makes something hydrophobic

A

No charge

High proportion of carbon atoms

17
Q

What is an acid?

A

A compound that can lose an H+ ion

18
Q

What is a base?

A

A compound that can form covalent bonds with a H+ ion

19
Q

What will happen to amino acids with low pKa at physiological pH?

A

They will be negatively charged and anionic

Predominantly ionised

20
Q

What will happen to amino acids with high pKa at physiological pH?

A

They will be positively charged and cationic

Predominantly ionised

21
Q

What happens to amides at physiological pH?

A

Amides are neutral at physiological pH

22
Q

What determines secondary structure?

A

Shape and conformation preference of the residues
Maintained by regular hydrogen bonding pattern
Can be predicted from primary structure

23
Q

What is tertiary structure?

A

The overall shape of a protein chain

24
Q

What determines tertiary structure?

A

Bonding interactions:
Ionic & hydrogen
Conformation of residues e.g. proline-induced turns

25
Q

How does hydrophilicity influence structure?

A

Hydrophilic residues prefer to be at the centre of the protein away from the water

26
Q

What is quaternary structure?

A

Chains forming complexes

27
Q

What determines quaternary structure?

A

Bonding between chains

Hydrophobicity

28
Q

Name three things hydrophobicity determines

A

Structure
Function
Cellular distribution

29
Q

What is pH?

A

Measure of concentration of H+

30
Q

How do we calculate pH?

A

-log10[H+]

Cellular Biology and Biochemistry (22 decks)

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