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An Sc 325 > The Respiratory Tract > Flashcards

The Respiratory Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What are the nostrils made of

A

Cartilaginous rings, expanded by small muscles

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2
Q

What is cavallo by Pisanello

A

Surgically slit nostrils

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3
Q

What is the role of the ethmoid turbinate

A

Prevent dust and particles from entering the horse’s airways
At the end of nasal passage

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4
Q

The pair of blind sacs that arise from the tubes of the middle ear with large vessels running through it are…

A

Guttural pouches

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5
Q

What are the hypotheses on guttural pouch function?

A
  • May influence internal carotid artery BP
  • Cerebral blood cooling mechanism operating at times of physical stress/exercise (cool air and exposed artery = cool blood)
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6
Q

*** identify everything on pic on slide 23

A

DO it

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7
Q

How many pairs of sinuses does a horse have

A

Six

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8
Q

Why are the frontal and maxillary sinuses commonly associated with disease?

A

Young horses have long tooth roots which reach the maxillary sinus cavity (which open into the frontal sinuses)
If tooth is diseased, so is sinus

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9
Q

What is the role of the pharynx

A

Crossroads between the larynx and the esophagus

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10
Q

How does the pharynx change when the horse is eating vs breathing

A

Swallowing = soft palate elevates and prevents air from being drawn in through nose. Larynx (usually open) closes and forms seal over trachea, preventing food from entering/directing it towards esophagus

Breathing = soft palate lies over oral cavity (mouth). Larynx is open, sealing of the esophagus which prevents air from entering stomach

*** slide 31

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11
Q

Can horses breathe through their mouthes

A

Difficult due to epiglottis

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12
Q

The cartilages that help control airflow by pulling open when air is taken in are…

A

Arytenoid cartilages

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13
Q

Which one, inhaling or exhaling, is an active process?

A

Inhaling

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14
Q

Which muscle contracts to create negative pressure and draw air in

A

Diaphragm

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15
Q

What cartilage is pulled open to allow air to pass intro trachea, bronchi and bronchioles and down to the alveoli

A

Arytenoid cartilage

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16
Q

How would you go about physically examining the horse respiratory tract

A

Rhythm, rate, auscultation (character: clear?, wheeze?)
Bag the horse = deep breathing
Nasal discharge

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17
Q

Technique used to diagnose respiratory disorders…

A

Endoscopy (tube w camera)

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18
Q

Three methods used to take samples from the trachea or lower airway:

A

Transtracheal aspiration
Endoscopic collection of tracheal fluid
Bronchoalveolar lavage

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19
Q

Bacterial infection of guttural pouch is called…

A

Guttural pouch empyema

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20
Q

Fungal infection of the guttural pouch is called…

A

Guttural pouch mycosis

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21
Q

How are guttural pouch infections diagnosed

A

One-sided nasal discharge
Radiographs of skull
Endoscopic exam of the guttural pouch

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22
Q

How do you treat GP empyema?

A

Flush with saline + antimicrobials, administer systemic antimicrobials
Surgery

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23
Q

How do you treat GP mycosis

A

Difficult
Surgery attempting to tie off carotid artery

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24
Q

Complication/prognosis of GP mycosis?

A

Plaques of fungal growth may erode carotid artery = fatal hemorrhage
Often untreatable and fatal

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25
Q

Prognosis/complications of GP empyema

A

Difficult, can be successful
Long term infection = chondroids (pus)

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26
Q

Nerve paralysis leading to obstruction of airflow when horse takes a breath…

A

Laryngeal Hemiplegia (Roaring)

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27
Q

What does laryngeal hemiplegia mean

A

Larynx
Hemi = half
Plegia = partial paralysis

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28
Q

How is roaring diagnosed

A

Clinical signs, endoscopy of upper airway

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29
Q

What side does roaring affect, what happens

A

Left side (always), vocal cord collapses into airway

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30
Q

Name of the surgery that can help roaring

A

Tieback (holds cartilage open)

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31
Q

How do you treat roaring

A

Not always necessary
Surgery (tieback + ventriculectomy)

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32
Q

Complications of laryngeal hemiplegia?

A

May increase risk of exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage

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33
Q

Condition where soft palate interferes with function of the epiglottis

A

Dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP)

34
Q

What happens during DDSP

A

Soft palate displaced over top of epiglottis, affecting its function

35
Q

how is DDSP diagnosed

A

Endoscopic exam

36
Q

Does DDSP occur intermittently

A

Yes, but if it occurs during high intensity exercise it leads to exercise intolerance

37
Q

How is DDSP treated

A

Tongue tying tightens soft palate
Anti-inflammatories
Surgery

38
Q

Is DDSP serious

A

Not a problem is high intensity exercise not required

39
Q

Complications of DDSP?

A

Pneumonia

40
Q

Most common lung disease of horses…

A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) / heaves

41
Q

What happens during COPD

A

Airways inflame, leading to thicker walls, spasms of muscles, mucous discharge
Difficulty expiring = effort needed

42
Q

Underlying causes of COPD?

A

Allergies, exposure to dust, molds, viral respiratory infection
Stabled horses

43
Q

Clinical signs of COPD?

A

Mild exercise = laboured breathing
Chronic cough
Nasal discharge
Seasonal
Heave line

44
Q

How is COPD diagnosed

A

Clinical signs
Wheezing on auscultation
Endoscopy + sample collection
Allergy testing

45
Q

How is COPD treated

A

Manage environment
Bronchodilators
Open up airways, break up mucus, reduce inglammation

46
Q

How serious is COPD? Complications?

A

Debilitating
More susceptible to infections (pneumonia)

47
Q

Horses bleeding from lungs following hard exercise are referred to as bleeders and suffer from…

A

Exercise Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage (EIPH)

48
Q

How is EIPH diagnosed

A

Endoscopy (blood in airways)

49
Q

How is EPIH treated

A

Diuretic reduces bleeding, but has performance-enhancing effects
Reduce feed/water on competition day

50
Q

How serious is EIPH? Complications?

A

Decline in performance, manageable
Scar tissue builds up every time it occurs
More susceptible to infections / airway irritation = pneumonia

51
Q

Bacterial infection of upper respiratory tract spread from horse to horse directly or by fomites

A

Strangles, horse distemper (viral disease - fever, coughing)

52
Q

What is catarrh

A

Mucous

53
Q

What happens during strangles

A

Lymph nodes become so large/inflammed = pressure leads to trouble breathing

54
Q

What is a fomite

A

Object capable of carrying infectious organism (brushes, clothing, trailers)

55
Q

What agent causes Strangles

A

Streptococcus equi

56
Q

Clinical signs or strangles?

A

Fever
Serious nasal discharge -> mucopurulent discharge
Cough
Enlarged lymph nodes

57
Q

How do we diagnose strangles

A

Fever
Abscessed lymph nodes
Culture abscess material / pharyngeal wash

58
Q

How do we treat strangles

A

Controversial
Antimicrobials if febrile
Encourage drainage of lymph nodes (hot packs, poultices, lance/flush w antimicrobials (penicillin))
If horse is bright no antimicrobials

59
Q

How serious is strangles

A

Usually resolves
Outbreaks can occur
Can survive in environment for months
Horse is infected for 6 weeks

60
Q

How do you prove your horse is non infectious

A

3 pharyngeal washes cultured/PCR’d

61
Q

What are the three major complications of strangles

A

Metastatic (change in position/form) abscesses
‘bastard strangles’

Purpura hemorrhagica (rash of purple spots)

Carrier state

62
Q

What is the issue with bastard strangles?

A

Any lymph node could be abscessed and may rupture

63
Q

What is the issue with purpura hemorrhagica

A

Severe autoimmune rxn leading to leaky blood vessels

64
Q

Clinical signs of purpura hemorrhagica caused by strangles

A

Edema, swelling of legs/skin/internal organs
Petechial or ecchymotic hemorrhages on mucous membranes

65
Q

Difference between petechial and ecchymotic hemorrhages

A

Petechiae = red/purple dots (leaking capillaries) small

Ecchymosis = occur deep within dermal layer, large

66
Q

What is the issue with strangles chronic carriers?

A

Guttural pouch infection
Repeated outbreaks

67
Q

Viral respiratory disease that commonly infects young horses and is zoonotic

A

Influenza

68
Q

Can people get equine influenza?

A

No? Some people have antibodies for it but no cases of illness

69
Q

How is influenza spread, what is the incubation period

A

Aerosol
1-3 days

70
Q

What are the clinical signs of equine influenza

A

Fever
severe, deep, repetitive cough

71
Q

How do we diagnose influenza

A

Fever/cough
Blood work
Nasal swab
Flu antibody levels at time of illness and three weeks later

72
Q

How do we treat influenza

A

Management (rest, avoid stress, NSAIDS)

73
Q

Is influenza serious

A

Most serious respiratory issue
Rapid spread
Susceptible to compliations (secondary infections, COPD)

74
Q

Respiratory disease caused by herpes virus

A

Rhino(nose)pneumonitis(lungs)

75
Q

What does rhinopneumonitis affect

A

Respiratory, reproductive, neurological

76
Q

Two serotypes of rhinopneumonitis

A

EHV-1 (respi,repro,neuro)
EHV-4 (respiratory, lymph nodes)

77
Q

Rhinopneumonitis is common in what age group

A

4-8 months

78
Q

Clinical signs of rhinopneumonitis

A

Fever, nasal discharge, cough

79
Q

How do we diagnose rhinopneumonitis

A

Clinical signs
Antibodies

80
Q

How is rhinopneumonitis treated

A

Management (rest, avoid stress, NSAIDS)

81
Q

How serious is rhinopneumonitis? Complications?

A

Mild and self limiting

Can cause abortion, secondary bacterial infections

An Sc 325 (24 decks)

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