Musculoskeletal Pt 1 Flashcards
What are long bones
Found in limbs, act as levers. Include diaphysis and two epiphyses
What is a short bone
Found in places of articulation (tarsus/carpus)
What is a flat bone
Found in skull, pelvic girdle, scapula. Broad surface for large muscle attachments
What is an irregular bone
Found in vertebrae
What is a sesamoid bone***
Patella/navicular bone. Found within tendons
What is a splanchnic bone
Develop in soft organs (penis)
What is a pneumatic bone
Contain air spaces (skull)
What is the difference between tendons and ligaments
TENDONS bind muscle to bones, allowing muscles to move tissues (strain)
LIGAMENTS attach bone to bone, stabilize structures (sprain)
How are tendons and ligaments similar
Most susceptible to injury along site of bone attachment (fibro-osseous junction)
What is tenosynovitis
Inflammation of the tendon sheath
What is the purpose of a tendon sheath in horses
Lubrication to the superficial and deep digital flexor tendons
What is the digital tendon sheath
Extends from proximal fetlock joint to proximal pastern joint
What is the carpal tendon sheath
Extends from proximal carpus to 25cm below carpus
What are the tarsal tendon sheaths
Proximal calcaneus to below the tarsometatarsal joint
What is epimysium
Fascia/Connective tissue sheath that wraps muscle fibers together, giving it its shape & allowing other muscles to move against it
What is the perimysium
Connective tissue surrounding muscle fiber bundles (inside epimysium)
Describe levels 0-5 in the lameness scale
0 = not perceptible under any circumstance
1 = difficult to observe, inconsistently apparent regardless of circumstance
2 = difficult to observe at walk or trot in straight line, consistent under a certain circumstance
3 = consistent at a trot under all circumstances
4 = obvious at a walk
5 = minimal weight bearing, inability to move
What is the point of a digital nerve block
Everything below the nerve block loses feeling. Can move up leg if still sore to find location of injury.
How do you diagnose then treat a sole bruise
Diagnose = increase digital pulses, reluctant to put foot down, hoof tester, discolouration
Treat = Foot soak, anti-infla., shoes/trim, rest
Potential complication of sole bruise?
Abscess
Prognosis of sole bruise?
Complete recovery in 6-8 weeks
How do you diagnose then treat a subsolar abscess?
D = severe lameness, hoof tester
T = hyperosmotic warm-water soaks, drain at heel area/coronary band (usually), open the abscess then pack with antimicrobial w/ boot/bandage
Prognosis for subsolar abscess?
Complete recovery
Potential complications of subsolar abscess
Infection might extend from abscess causing long-term or permanent lameness
How do you diagnose then treat a quarter crack
D = visible crack, nerve block to make sure it is the cause
T = stabilization, shoeing (heel wedge), lacing or patching
Prognosis of quarter crack?
Can grow out to normal unless coronary band is damaged/difficult to stabilize
Complications of Quarter crack?
Infection/damage to underlying tissue
How do you do a lameness exam
Head down on sound, louder on sound
Hind = hip hike on sore foot
Foot order in walk, trot, canter and gallop
Walk = back right, front right, back left, front left (4)
Trot = BR + FL , BL + FR (2)
Canter = BR, FR + BL, FL (3)
Gallop = BR, BL, FR, FL (4)
