Musculoskeletal Pt 1

Question 1

What are long bones

Answer 1

Found in limbs, act as levers. Include diaphysis and two epiphyses

Question 2

What is a short bone

Answer 2

Found in places of articulation (tarsus/carpus)

Question 3

What is a flat bone

Answer 3

Found in skull, pelvic girdle, scapula. Broad surface for large muscle attachments

Question 4

What is an irregular bone

Answer 4

Found in vertebrae

Question 5

What is a sesamoid bone***

Answer 5

Patella/navicular bone. Found within tendons

Question 6

What is a splanchnic bone

Answer 6

Develop in soft organs (penis)

Question 7

What is a pneumatic bone

Answer 7

Contain air spaces (skull)

Question 8

What is the difference between tendons and ligaments

Answer 8

TENDONS bind muscle to bones, allowing muscles to move tissues (strain)
LIGAMENTS attach bone to bone, stabilize structures (sprain)

Question 9

How are tendons and ligaments similar

Answer 9

Most susceptible to injury along site of bone attachment (fibro-osseous junction)

Question 10

What is tenosynovitis

Answer 10

Inflammation of the tendon sheath

Question 11

What is the purpose of a tendon sheath in horses

Answer 11

Lubrication to the superficial and deep digital flexor tendons

Question 12

What is the digital tendon sheath

Answer 12

Extends from proximal fetlock joint to proximal pastern joint

Question 13

What is the carpal tendon sheath

Answer 13

Extends from proximal carpus to 25cm below carpus

Question 14

What are the tarsal tendon sheaths

Answer 14

Proximal calcaneus to below the tarsometatarsal joint

Question 15

What is epimysium

Answer 15

Fascia/Connective tissue sheath that wraps muscle fibers together, giving it its shape & allowing other muscles to move against it

Question 16

What is the perimysium

Answer 16

Connective tissue surrounding muscle fiber bundles (inside epimysium)

Question 17

Describe levels 0-5 in the lameness scale

Answer 17

0 = not perceptible under any circumstance
1 = difficult to observe, inconsistently apparent regardless of circumstance
2 = difficult to observe at walk or trot in straight line, consistent under a certain circumstance
3 = consistent at a trot under all circumstances
4 = obvious at a walk
5 = minimal weight bearing, inability to move

Question 18

What is the point of a digital nerve block

Answer 18

Everything below the nerve block loses feeling. Can move up leg if still sore to find location of injury.

Question 19

How do you diagnose then treat a sole bruise

Answer 19

Diagnose = increase digital pulses, reluctant to put foot down, hoof tester, discolouration
Treat = Foot soak, anti-infla., shoes/trim, rest

Question 20

Potential complication of sole bruise?

Answer 20

Abscess

Question 21

Prognosis of sole bruise?

Answer 21

Complete recovery in 6-8 weeks

Question 22

How do you diagnose then treat a subsolar abscess?

Answer 22

D = severe lameness, hoof tester
T = hyperosmotic warm-water soaks, drain at heel area/coronary band (usually), open the abscess then pack with antimicrobial w/ boot/bandage

Question 23

Prognosis for subsolar abscess?

Answer 23

Complete recovery

Question 24

Potential complications of subsolar abscess

Answer 24

Infection might extend from abscess causing long-term or permanent lameness

Question 25

How do you diagnose then treat a quarter crack

Answer 25

D = visible crack, nerve block to make sure it is the cause
T = stabilization, shoeing (heel wedge), lacing or patching

Question 26

Prognosis of quarter crack?

Answer 26

Can grow out to normal unless coronary band is damaged/difficult to stabilize

Question 27

Complications of Quarter crack?

Answer 27

Infection/damage to underlying tissue

Question 28

How do you do a lameness exam

Answer 28

Head down on sound, louder on sound
Hind = hip hike on sore foot

Question 29

Foot order in walk, trot, canter and gallop

Answer 29

Walk = back right, front right, back left, front left (4)
Trot = BR + FL , BL + FR (2)
Canter = BR, FR + BL, FL (3)
Gallop = BR, BL, FR, FL (4)