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An Sc 325 > Broodmare Foaling > Flashcards

Broodmare Foaling Flashcards

1
Q

Mare gestation period? Average gestation?

A

325-365 days
average = 345

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2
Q

Easy way to calculate expected foaling date

A

Subtract 3 weeks from date of ovulation

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3
Q

Indicators of impending foaling

A

Bagging up
Waxing
Vulva relaxed/elongated
Muscle on side of tail soften
Mare poops

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4
Q

What is bagging up

A

Increase in mammary development, fluid starts to accumulate in the udder
Can be 6 weeks before foaling

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5
Q

Accumulation of milk at the tip of the teats in day or two prior to foaling

A

waxing (closely monitor)

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6
Q

When before foaling will the vulva relax/elongate

A

Begin 2 weeks prior
Obvious directly before onset of labor

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7
Q

When does softening of muscles along either side of the tail occur

A

2-3 days before

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8
Q

When before foaling will the large intestine be evacuated

A

Hours prior

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9
Q

How long before foaling should the mare be introduced to the foaling environment? Why?

A

At least 30 days
Exposed to any potential infectious organisms, produce antibodies she can pass on to foal

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10
Q

Size of foaling stall

A

12 x 24 ft

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11
Q

How should foaling stall be prepared

A

Clean, disinfected walls
Flooring = nonslip
Straw for bedding

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12
Q

Why should foaling be attended

A

Minimize risk of complications
Fatal complications can often be avoided

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13
Q

Disadvantage of foaling outside

A

Monitoring is difficult, increased risk of complications
She runs away

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14
Q

What time do the majority of mares foal

A

Between 10pm and 4am

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15
Q

Length of first stage of labour? Signs of it?

A

1-4 hours
Behaviour changes:
Act restless, colicky
Sweat, bite at her sides
Stand stretched out/odd

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16
Q

Physiological changes in the mare during the first stage

A

Uterus begins contraction (get foal into position)
Oxytocin hormone is released
Cervix begins opening

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17
Q

What happens at the end of the first stage

A

Outer membrane of placenta (chorioallantois) ruptures to release allantoic fluid (breaking water)

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18
Q

Second stage of labour is…

A

delivery of foal

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19
Q

Different kinds of placenta. Which belongs to the horse?

A

Diffuse (horse)
Discoid (human)
Cotyledonary
Zonary

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20
Q

Chorioallantois AKA? Amnioallantois AKA?

A

Allantochorion
Allantoamnion

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21
Q

What is the hippomane

A

Out-pouch of the allantois

22
Q

What happens once the allantoic fluid is released

A

Strong uterine contractions = amnion appears at the vulva
Forelimbs present within 5 minutes of water break
Foal delivered in under 20 mins

23
Q

What tissue should appear first? Colour? What tissue should not appear first? Colour? Why?

A

Amnion is pale/grey/white and should appear first
Chorioallantois is red and should still be attached to provide O2 during birth

24
Q

What is the amnion

A

Opaque membrane that covers foals forelimbs

25
Q

What does the third stage of labor consist of

A

Passage of placenta (chorioallantois)

26
Q

What continues after delivery of the foal

A

Uterine contractions

27
Q

How long until the placenta is passed

A

3 hours

28
Q

What is premature placental separation

A

Placenta separates from the wall of the uterus before allantoic fluid is released = loss of O2 for foal
Red bag

29
Q

When do red bags occur

A

Usually during labor, but can also happen during gestation to cause abortion

30
Q

How do we diagnose a red bag

A

Appearance of a velvety, red mass at the vulva

31
Q

How do we treat a red bag

A

Tear through placenta, facilitate delivery of the foal before it suffocates

32
Q

Is red bag serious

A

Fatal to foal if undetected or not corrected

33
Q

Dystocia is

A

Mare unable to deliver foal unassisted due to factors such as abnormal positioning or abnormally large fetus

34
Q

How is dystocia diagnsoed

A

Delivery of foal does not progress regularly following water breaking
Palpation to detect abnormal position

35
Q

how to tell which legs are front/back

A

Front legs bend the same way
Back legs bend opposite ways

36
Q

Treatment for dystocia

A

Vet will attempt to reposition foal
Mare may be sedated, head positioned downhill to encourage foal to move forward to allow for repositioning
Cesarean may be necessary if unsuccessful

37
Q

Is dystocia serious

A

Life threatening to mare and foal
Cesarean rarely results in live birth

38
Q

Why do foals die when cesarean is needed

A

Cannot be done in general practice, need to go to appropriate clinic. Mares give birth quickly, chorionallantois will likely detach before can make it

39
Q

Complications of dystocia

A

Risk of uterine infection, trauma to the uterus and birth canal
Death of foal

40
Q

Failure to pass placental membranes within three hours of birth is called

A

Retained placenta

41
Q

How can we check to see if placenta is retained

A

Use garden hose to fill the placenta with water, check for missing pieces
May be obvious if placenta is still hanging from vulva

42
Q

Treatment of retained placenta

A

Administer oxytocin to mare = contractions
Lavage of the uterus with large volumes of fluid
Antibiotics/anti-inflammatories

43
Q

How serious is retained placenta? Complications?

A

Easily managed, if unrecognized or untreated = serious consequences

Endotoxemia with laminitis
Uterine infections

44
Q

Trauma and disruption to the perineum during foaling is

A

Perineal laceration

45
Q

Classifications of perineal lacerations

A

First degree (only skin/outer layer of tissue)
Second degree (involves middle layer of tissue)
Third degree (can extend through all layers, penetrate the rectum)

46
Q

How is perineal laceration diagnosed

A

Identified during physical examination

47
Q

Treatment for perineal lacerations

A

First/second = none
Some second / third will need surgery
Delay surgery (weeks to months) to allow inflammation to die down/tissues heal
Antibiotics/anti-inflammatories

48
Q

How serious is perineal laceration? Complications?

A

Most can heal/be repaired so mare can be bred again
Rarely, damage/contamination of uterus affected future fertility

Uterine damage

49
Q

red bag aka

A

Premature placental separation

50
Q

Placenta made of

A

Allantochorion + endometrium

An Sc 325 (24 decks)

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