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An Sc 325 > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What is winking

A

Rhythmic contractions of the vulva when a mare is in estrus

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2
Q

Estrus + diestrus =

A

estrous cycle

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3
Q

How long is estrus

A

~ 6 days

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4
Q

How long is diestrus

A

~ 15 days

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5
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone leads to

A

Production of estrogen

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6
Q

What is the follicle

A

A small secretory cavity, sac or gland that secretes estrogen

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7
Q

What does estrogen stimulate

A

The pituitary gland to release luteinizing hormone

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8
Q

What does luteinizing hormone do

A

Trigger ovulation of the ovum from the follicle

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9
Q

What happens after ovulation

A

Estrogen and LH decrease. Progesterone is needed to inhibit heat and promote pregnancy (hopefully)

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10
Q

Where does progesterone come from

A

The corpus luteum = the sight of the ovulated follicle, where follicle used to be

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11
Q

What does the mare do incase the egg did not get fertilized

A

Builds an ovum in a follicle for the next round with FSH

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12
Q

What does the Graafian follicle do

A

Produces inhibin which inhibits FSH production, becomes corpus luteum

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13
Q

Where does the signal of whether or not the mare is pregnant come from

A

From the fertilized ovum in the uterus, floats around and makes contact with uterine wall

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14
Q

What happens in the absence of a fertilized ovum

A

Prostaglandin is released from uterus, destroys corpus luteum (which is producing progesterone). We have FSH producing another follicle

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15
Q

***draw slide 14

A

ok

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16
Q

What are the ways a mare’s reproductive tract can be examined (7)

A

Rectal palpation
Ultrasound
Vaginal Speculum
Uterine culture and cytology
Uterine biopsy
Hormonal assays
Endoscopy

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17
Q

**list the ways that a mare may be prevented from going into estrus

A

Daily oral progesterone
Acupuncture staples
Marble
Long-acting progesterone
Progesterone implants
Ovariectomy

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18
Q

How does daily oral progesterone work

A

Tells the mare they are pregnant, can suppress estrus
Regu-Mate

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19
Q

How does a marble work

A

Simulates a fertilized embryo, stops from coming into estrus

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20
Q

Ovariectomy vs ovariohysterectomy

A

Ovariectomy = just ovaries taken out
Ovariohysterectomy = uterus and ovaries “spay”

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21
Q

Progesterone related ways of preventing a mare from coming into estrus

A

Daily oral progesterone (Regu-Mate)
Long-acting progesterone (injectable)
Implants

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22
Q

Inflammation of the uterus that may be accompanied by an infection with microorganisms

A

Endometritis

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23
Q

Clinical signs of endometritis

A

Infertility
Abnormal, frequent heat cycles

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24
Q

How is endometritis diagnosed

A

Uterine culture
Uterine cytology
Uterine biopsy
Ultrasound showing fluid build up

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25
Q

How is endometritis treated

A

Lavage with fluids and/or antimicrobials
Oxytocin (makes uterus contract; squeeze out debris/fluid from lavage)

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26
Q

Endometritis can lead to

A

infertility, chronic inflammation

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27
Q

Complications of endometritis

A

Pyometra

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28
Q

What is pyometra

A

Large accumulations of pus (up to 60L) in the uterus

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29
Q

What does pyometra stand for

A

Pyo = pus
Metra = uterus

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30
Q

How serious is pyometra? Complications?

A

Difficult to treat
May be recurrent
Results in permanent damage to uterus = permanent infertility

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31
Q

Most common type of ovarian tumor seen in mares

A

Granulosa cell tumour

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32
Q

What does a granulosa cell tumour release

A

testosterone

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33
Q

Behaviour changes in mare with granulosa cell tumour

A

Stallion-like behaviours

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34
Q

How do we diagnose a granulosa cell tumour

A

Clinical signs
Rectal palpations
Ultrasound
Blood tests (hormone levels)

35
Q

What does a granulosa grow from

A

An ovary

36
Q

How do we treat a granulosa

A

Surgery (removal)

37
Q

How serious is granulosa? Complications?

A

Unilateral: unaffected ovary may ovulate normally
Complications related to surgery

38
Q

Common, minor procedure to suture the dorsal aspect of the vulva closed is…

A

Caslicks procedure

39
Q

Why do a caslicks procedure

A

If the angle/conformation/length of the vulva makes it so that the mare is defecating into her vulva = fecal contamination with bacteria

40
Q

Indications for a caslicks procedure

A

Windsucking (of vulva)
Tipped vulvar conformation
Recurrent uterine infections from contamination

41
Q

Two functions of male reproductive system

A

Produce sperm, deliver sperm into mare

42
Q

What kind of estrus do mares undergo

A

Seasonal polyestrus

43
Q

Do stallions reproductive system shut down in the winter like mares?

A

No, lasts year round. produces sperm through the winter, numbers decreased

44
Q

What is spermatogenesis

A

Making sperm

45
Q

Where does spermatogenesis take place, how long does it take

A

In the seminiferous tubules within the testicles
55 days

46
Q

If a stallion is sick, how does that affect sperm

A

Sick today, treated with drugs means sperm have been damaged/wiped out, will not know for 55 days

47
Q

After spermatogenesis, how long does it take for sperm to mature/be motile. Where does this happen?

A

Maturation in epididymis for 4-5 days

48
Q

How long do sperm spend in the epididymis

A

Variable, 2 days to weeks until ejaculation or urination

49
Q

What controls the breeding event?

A

The nervous system - stimuli

50
Q

Describe a breeding event

A

Stallion sees mare in heat, drops penis within 1-2 mins
Mounts within 3 minutes, 5-8 intravaginal thrusts
3-5 short thrusts while ejaculating, flags tail, dismounts

51
Q

Average volume of ejaculate

A

30-100 milliliters

52
Q

Steps involved with examination of the stallion (6)

A

Physical exam of external genitalia
Ultrasound
Endoscopy
Culture and cytology
Breeding observation
Semen analysis

53
Q

What is examined during physical exam of stallion

A

Testicles, scrotum, sheath and penis
Width of testicles (related to amount of sperm)
Exposed to mare in heat so penis can be examined

54
Q

An endoscopic exam of the urethra can identify

A

Source of bleeding if blood in semen
Stricture of the urethra

55
Q

Where are samples collected from for culture/cytology of a stallion? Why?

A

Outside of penis, tip of urethra, tip of penis
Check for diseases

56
Q

What is assessed during breeding observation

A

Stallion libido
Response to mare in heat
Ability to develop an erection, mount and ejaculate

57
Q

What is examined during semen analysis

A

Total volume
Number of sperm
Morphology of sperm
Activity and movement of sperm

58
Q

What is Cryptorchidism

A

One or both testicles fail to drop into scrotum
Colt is called a ‘crypt’

59
Q

What is the peritoneum

A

Lining surrounding abdominal cavity

60
Q

When do testicles normally descend

A

last 30 days of gestation or first 10 days following birth

61
Q

How is cryptorchidism diagnosed

A

Testicles not palpated by 4-6 months
Measure testosterone
Stimulate with human chorionic gonadotropin

62
Q

Why not remove a testicle if only one is dropped

A

May still behave like a stallion in the future because other teste is producing testosterone but not viable sperm, bought/sold = complicated

63
Q

Recommended treatment for cryptorchidism and complications?

A

Surgery (opening the abdomen)
Surgical complications
Aggressive “gelding” if not removed

64
Q

How serious is cryptorchidism

A

Should not be used as a stallion

65
Q

When the intestines slip through the inguinal rings, possibly into the scrotum, this is…

A

Inguinal and scrotal hernias

66
Q

What does the inguinal ring do? What happens when it is too big or small

A

Allows testes to be pulled through by gubernacular bulb
Big = hernia
Small = crypt

67
Q

How is inguinal and scrotal herniation diagnosed

A

Enlarged scrotum
Colic episodes
Ultrasound exam

68
Q

Treatment for scrotal and inguinal herniation

A

Surgery to reposition the intestines and close inguinal rings

69
Q

How serious is scrotal and inguinal herniation

A

Serious if not recognized early
Damage to intestines

70
Q

Complications of scrotal and inguinal herniation

A

if castration is performed, intestines can drop through castration site
Trapped intestines in inguinal rings or scrotum can be twisted or strangulated

71
Q

Penile prolapse is

A

When the penis of a stallion of gelding has become damaged and the horse is no longer able to pull it back into its sheath

72
Q

Causes of penile prolapse

A

Trauma
Viral or bacterial diseases
Administration of acepromazine

73
Q

How is penile prolapse diagnosed? What is the treatment

A

Condition of the penis

Manually replaced into sheath
Support against belly with bandage to prevent swelling/damage
NSAIDs and exercise to reduce swelling

74
Q

How serious is penile prolapse? Complications

A

Very, can lead to permanent damage

Permanent paralysis and loss of ability to breed

75
Q

What should never be administered to stallions

A

Acepromazine

76
Q

What is castration

A

Removal of the testicles

77
Q

What should be checked before castration

A

Both testicles descended
Tetanus vaccine

78
Q

Two methods of castration

A

Standing
Down

79
Q

Most important part of castration recovery? Complication?

A

Exercise to encourage drainage from surgical site
Premature closure of surgical site=fluid accumulation

80
Q

Other complications of castration

A

Excessive bleeding
Infection
Inguinal hernia

81
Q

Rule of thumb about bleeding during castration

A

If you can count the drops then he’s okay, usually

82
Q

How often do sheaths need to be cleaned

A

6-12 months

83
Q

What can be found in the pocket at the tip of the penis

A

Bean; accumulation of thick whitish material

An Sc 325 (24 decks)

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