The Respiratory System

Question 0

Which of the lungs is wider and shorter, has 3 lobes (superior, middle, inferior) and 2 fissures (oblique, horizontal)?

Answer 0

Right lung

Question 1

What are the 3 functions of the respiratory system?

Answer 1

To supply the body with oxygen

Excrete things (carbon dioxide, heat, ketone bodies, alcohol…)

Maintain pH of body fluids

Question 2

Which of the lungs is narrower and longer, has 2 lobes (superior and inferior) and 1 fissure (oblique)?

Answer 2

The left lung, as it needs to accommodate the heart

Question 3

What is the name of the point where the left and right bronchi and blood vessels enter lung tissue?

Answer 3

Hilium

Question 4

What is the name of the lining of the chest wall?

Answer 4

Parietal pleura

Question 5

What reduces friction during breathing, creates a pressure gradient to assist ventilation and isolates each lung?

Answer 5

the pleura - visceral on each lung and parietal on the chest wall

Question 6

What covers each lung?

Answer 6

Visceral pleura

Question 7

What are the divisions of the respiratory system according to position?

Answer 7

Upper Respiratory Tract (nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx)

Lower Respiratory Tract (trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli)

Question 8

How can the respiratory system be classified according to function?

Answer 8

Conducting zone (nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles)
this warms and moistens air and then transmits to and from lungs

Respiratory zone (respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli) - site of gas exchange

Question 9

The airways in the respiratory system get smaller after the trachea, what do they also do at each stage?

Answer 9

Divide into 2

Question 10

What are the 3 functions of the nasal cavity, and the 3 areas?

Answer 10

Warms, cleanses and humidifies inhaled air
Detects odours
Resonating chamber to modify voice

Conchae, meati and paranasal air sinuses

Question 11

What part of the nasal cavity has a large air pocket for lots of mucous production?

Answer 11

Sinus

Question 12

What extends from the nose to the larynx, is a passageway for air and food and mucus, warms and humidifies air, provides a resonating chamber for speech sounds and provided protection?

Answer 12

Pharynx

Question 13

What connects the laryngopharynx with the trachea, is well composed of 9 pieces of cartilage, maintains an open airway, has a switching mechanism when swallowing and acts as a voice box?

Answer 13

The larynx

Question 14

What is made up of 16-20 C shaped cartilage rings, smooth muscle, respiratory mucosa (pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium), mucous glands and is in front of the oesophagus?

Answer 14

Trachea

Question 15

What is a muci-ciliary escalator?

Answer 15

It is in the Upper Respiratory Tract and has cilia that moves mucus down toward the pharynx

It is also in the Lower Respiratory Tract where the cilia moves mucus up to the pharynx

Question 16

What do goblet cells do in the respiratory system?

Answer 16

Secrete mucus to trap debris

Question 17

What is the structure of the bronchial tree?

Answer 17

Trachea - primary bronchi - secondary bronchi - tertiary bronchi - bronchioles - terminal bronchioles

Question 18

What is carina?

Answer 18

Mucous membrane vs sensitive cough reflex

Question 19

What is the difference between bronchi/bronchus and bronchioles?

Answer 19

There is cartilage in the wall of a bronchus but not a bronchiole (or alveoli) as microscopic

Question 20

Primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles and terminal bronchioles have different types of what kind of cell?

Answer 20

Columnar - you have no hope of learning which is which type but start of tall pseudostratified, then just pseudo and non pseuod then just columnar

Question 21

What cells are respiratory bronchioles?

Answer 21

cuboidal

Question 22

What cells are alveoli?

Answer 22

Squamous

Question 23

Where does gas exchange take place in the respiratory system?

Answer 23

Alveoli network - they have really thin walls so can diffuse easily - squamous

Question 24

oxygen diffuses through squamous epithelial cells to basement membranes then capillary endothelial cells. but what are type 2 alveloar cells?

Answer 24

Septal and make sure airways stay open and don't collapse

Question 25

What carries blood to the lungs for it to be oxygenated? (they lie anterior to primary bronchus, branch with bronchi and terminate in capillary networks surrounding alveoli)

Answer 25

Pulmonary arteries

Question 26

What take oxygenated blood to the heart?

Answer 26

Pulmonary veins

Question 27

What supply lung tissue with blood? | arise from aorta, enter hilium and branch with bronchi - DON'T supply alveoli like the pulmonary arteries

Answer 27

Bronchial arteries

Question 28

Regions of the respiratory tract can be classified according to what 2 things?

Answer 28

position and function

Question 29

What do you call the exchange of air between the atmosphere and the alveoli of the lungs?

Answer 29

pulmonary ventilation | getting air in and out of lungs

Question 30

Quiet inspiration involves what 2 important muscles?

Answer 30

``` diaphragm (80%) external intercostals (20%) ```

Question 31

What is the diaphragm like when we are at rest?

Answer 31

relaxed and dome like

Question 32

What do the external intercostals connect?

Answer 32

The top of one rib with the bottom of the next one

Question 33

During quiet inspiration, what do the diaphragm and external intercostals do?

Answer 33

The diaphragm contracts and flattens, moving down and pushing down contents of abdomen, and the external intercostals move the ribcage upwards and outwards (provides space for air to get into lungs)

Question 34

What muscles are used during quiet expiration?

Answer 34

None - it is a passive process based on the elasticity of the lungs everything relaxes and falls back into place, decreasing space in the thoracic cavity and forcing air out

Question 35

What 4 additional muscles are involved during forced inspiration?

Answer 35

scalenes sternocleidomastoid pectoralis major pectoralis minor these all assist the diaphragm to create more space and depth for air

Question 36

What additional muscles are involved in forced expiration?

Answer 36

internal intercostals oblique and rectus abdominis muscles quadratus lumborum

Question 37

How to remember that external intercostals are used for quiet inspiration?

Answer 37

External - to get outside air in internal for forced expiration is to get inside air out

Question 38

Where do most of the accessory muscles lie for forced inspiration?

Answer 38

Neck or shoulder

Question 39

How does movement of the chest wall help air to enter and leave the lungs?

Answer 39

Pressure differences between the atmosphere and the alveoli

Question 40

What 2 things create pressure differences between the atmosphere and alveoli?

Answer 40

Pressure differences already present in the thoracic cavity contraction and relaxation of respiratory muscles

Question 41

What are respiratory pressures always related to?

Answer 41

Atmospheric pressure

Question 42

What is interapleural pressure?

Answer 42

Opposing forces - recoil vs elasticity of the chest wall it is impossible to separate the pleural membranes to it creates a vacuum to stop the lungs collapsing

Question 43

What is the name of the law where the pressure of a gas varies inversely with volume?

Answer 43

Boyles Law - so pressure up when volume down

Question 44

Outline the chain of intrapulmonary pressure during inspiration

Answer 44

Diaphragm rises and external intercostals contract Rib cage rises thoracic cavity volume increases intrapulmonary volume increases intrapulmonary pressure increases until same as outside lungs air enters lungs down pressure gradient until INTRAPULMONARY PRESSURE = ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

Question 45

Outline chain of intrapulmonary pressure in expiration?

Answer 45

Diaphragm and external intercostals relax rib cage falls thoracic cavity volume decreases intrapulmonary volume decreases INTRAPULMONARY PRESSURE IS GREATER THAN ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE TO AIR LEAVE LUNGS DOWN PRESSURE GRADIENT UNTIL PRESSURE IS ZERO

Question 46

What is pulmonary compliance?

Answer 46

Ease with which the lungs can be expanded | Healthy lungs are stretchy

Question 47

What does scar tissue in the lungs, difficulty in expanding lungs, blockages in smaller respiratory passages and low levels of surfactant reduce?

Answer 47

pulmonary compliance

Question 48

What does fluid and blood cells in alveoli and thickened alveolar walls in pneumonia affect?

Answer 48

Harder to expand alveoli in inspiration

Question 49

What happens in emphysema?

Answer 49

Confluent alveoli - breaks down walls so low surface area for gas exchange and large air spaces filled with air throughout exhalation - build up of CO2

Question 50

During inhalation the bronchioles enlarge, which decreases resistance to air flow. What happens in exhalation?

Answer 50

The resistance decreases as bronchioles decrease

Question 51

What is airway diameter regulated by?

Answer 51

Contraction/relaxation of smooth muscle in air ways

Question 52

Do asthmatics find it harder to breathe out or in?

Answer 52

Out, as airways stay narrow

Question 53

What 2 ways can lung function be assessed?

Answer 53

Chest sounds (for musus or absence of breath) Pulmonary functions (speed can breathe out, volume out)

Question 54

What is Forced Vital Capacity?

Answer 54

Deep breath followed by rapid maximal exhalation

Question 55

What is Forced Expiratory Volume?

Answer 55

how much can breathe out in first and second breath

Question 56

In quiet breathing, what is active and what is passive?

Answer 56

``` inhalation = active expiration = passive ``` in forced both use additional muscles

Question 57

What is atmospheric air?

Answer 57

a mixture of gases

Question 58

What is Dalton's law of partial pressure?

Answer 58

the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture so the pressure exerted by each gas is directly proportional to its %

Question 59

In the respiratory membrane, how do gases diffuse?

Answer 59

down the pressure gradients

Question 60

what is henrys law?

Answer 60

the amount of gas that dissolves in water is determined by its solubility in water and partial pressure in air

Question 61

What factors affect the affinity of Hb for oxygen?

Answer 61

Carbon dioxide Temperature How acidic blood is Structure of Hb

Question 62

How is carbon dioxide transported in the blood?

Answer 62

In plasma, bound to Hb and as bicarbonate

Question 63

What changes in CO2 transport to ensure breathing is smooth?

Answer 63

pH

Question 64

Changing body demands, altitude, disease and changing levels of co2, H and o2 in arterial blood can affect what?

Answer 64

rate and depth of breathing

Question 65

What are the key regulators of breathing?

Answer 65

CO2 (increases and decreases accordingly) | Hydrogen

Question 66

Should you give COPD patients lots of oxygen?

Answer 66

No as chemoreceptors will have adapted to take into account having lots of CO2 all the time. If you did this would take away hypoxic drive and slow breathing further