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Anatomy & Physiology > The Respiratory System > Flashcards

The Respiratory System Flashcards

0
Q

Which of the lungs is wider and shorter, has 3 lobes (superior, middle, inferior) and 2 fissures (oblique, horizontal)?

A

Right lung

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1
Q

What are the 3 functions of the respiratory system?

A

To supply the body with oxygen

Excrete things (carbon dioxide, heat, ketone bodies, alcohol…)

Maintain pH of body fluids

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2
Q

Which of the lungs is narrower and longer, has 2 lobes (superior and inferior) and 1 fissure (oblique)?

A

The left lung, as it needs to accommodate the heart

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3
Q

What is the name of the point where the left and right bronchi and blood vessels enter lung tissue?

A

Hilium

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4
Q

What is the name of the lining of the chest wall?

A

Parietal pleura

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5
Q

What reduces friction during breathing, creates a pressure gradient to assist ventilation and isolates each lung?

A

the pleura - visceral on each lung and parietal on the chest wall

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6
Q

What covers each lung?

A

Visceral pleura

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7
Q

What are the divisions of the respiratory system according to position?

A

Upper Respiratory Tract (nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx)

Lower Respiratory Tract (trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli)

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8
Q

How can the respiratory system be classified according to function?

A 
Conducting zone (nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles)
this warms and moistens air and then transmits to and from lungs

Respiratory zone (respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli) - site of gas exchange

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9
Q

The airways in the respiratory system get smaller after the trachea, what do they also do at each stage?

A

Divide into 2

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10
Q

What are the 3 functions of the nasal cavity, and the 3 areas?

A

Warms, cleanses and humidifies inhaled air
Detects odours
Resonating chamber to modify voice

Conchae, meati and paranasal air sinuses

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11
Q

What part of the nasal cavity has a large air pocket for lots of mucous production?

A

Sinus

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12
Q

What extends from the nose to the larynx, is a passageway for air and food and mucus, warms and humidifies air, provides a resonating chamber for speech sounds and provided protection?

A

Pharynx

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13
Q

What connects the laryngopharynx with the trachea, is well composed of 9 pieces of cartilage, maintains an open airway, has a switching mechanism when swallowing and acts as a voice box?

A

The larynx

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14
Q

What is made up of 16-20 C shaped cartilage rings, smooth muscle, respiratory mucosa (pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium), mucous glands and is in front of the oesophagus?

A

Trachea

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15
Q

What is a muci-ciliary escalator?

A

It is in the Upper Respiratory Tract and has cilia that moves mucus down toward the pharynx

It is also in the Lower Respiratory Tract where the cilia moves mucus up to the pharynx

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16
Q

What do goblet cells do in the respiratory system?

A

Secrete mucus to trap debris

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17
Q

What is the structure of the bronchial tree?

A

Trachea - primary bronchi - secondary bronchi - tertiary bronchi - bronchioles - terminal bronchioles

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18
Q

What is carina?

A

Mucous membrane vs sensitive cough reflex

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19
Q

What is the difference between bronchi/bronchus and bronchioles?

A

There is cartilage in the wall of a bronchus but not a bronchiole (or alveoli) as microscopic

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20
Q

Primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles and terminal bronchioles have different types of what kind of cell?

A

Columnar - you have no hope of learning which is which type but start of tall pseudostratified, then just pseudo and non pseuod then just columnar

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21
Q

What cells are respiratory bronchioles?

A

cuboidal

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22
Q

What cells are alveoli?

A

Squamous

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23
Q

Where does gas exchange take place in the respiratory system?

A

Alveoli network - they have really thin walls so can diffuse easily - squamous

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24
Q

oxygen diffuses through squamous epithelial cells to basement membranes then capillary endothelial cells. but what are type 2 alveloar cells?

A

Septal and make sure airways stay open and don’t collapse

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25
Q

What carries blood to the lungs for it to be oxygenated? (they lie anterior to primary bronchus, branch with bronchi and terminate in capillary networks surrounding alveoli)

A

Pulmonary arteries

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26
Q

What take oxygenated blood to the heart?

A

Pulmonary veins

27
Q

What supply lung tissue with blood?

arise from aorta, enter hilium and branch with bronchi - DON’T supply alveoli like the pulmonary arteries

A

Bronchial arteries

28
Q

Regions of the respiratory tract can be classified according to what 2 things?

A

position and function

29
Q

What do you call the exchange of air between the atmosphere and the alveoli of the lungs?

A

pulmonary ventilation

getting air in and out of lungs

30
Q

Quiet inspiration involves what 2 important muscles?

A 
diaphragm (80%)
external intercostals (20%)
31
Q

What is the diaphragm like when we are at rest?

A

relaxed and dome like

32
Q

What do the external intercostals connect?

A

The top of one rib with the bottom of the next one

33
Q

During quiet inspiration, what do the diaphragm and external intercostals do?

A

The diaphragm contracts and flattens, moving down and pushing down contents of abdomen, and the external intercostals move the ribcage upwards and outwards

(provides space for air to get into lungs)

34
Q

What muscles are used during quiet expiration?

A

None - it is a passive process based on the elasticity of the lungs

everything relaxes and falls back into place, decreasing space in the thoracic cavity and forcing air out

35
Q

What 4 additional muscles are involved during forced inspiration?

A

scalenes
sternocleidomastoid
pectoralis major
pectoralis minor

these all assist the diaphragm to create more space and depth for air

36
Q

What additional muscles are involved in forced expiration?

A

internal intercostals
oblique and rectus abdominis muscles
quadratus lumborum

37
Q

How to remember that external intercostals are used for quiet inspiration?

A

External - to get outside air in

internal for forced expiration is to get inside air out

38
Q

Where do most of the accessory muscles lie for forced inspiration?

A

Neck or shoulder

39
Q

How does movement of the chest wall help air to enter and leave the lungs?

A

Pressure differences between the atmosphere and the alveoli

40
Q

What 2 things create pressure differences between the atmosphere and alveoli?

A

Pressure differences already present in the thoracic cavity

contraction and relaxation of respiratory muscles

41
Q

What are respiratory pressures always related to?

A

Atmospheric pressure

42
Q

What is interapleural pressure?

A

Opposing forces - recoil vs elasticity of the chest wall

it is impossible to separate the pleural membranes to it creates a vacuum to stop the lungs collapsing

43
Q

What is the name of the law where the pressure of a gas varies inversely with volume?

A

Boyles Law - so pressure up when volume down

44
Q

Outline the chain of intrapulmonary pressure during inspiration

A

Diaphragm rises and external intercostals contract
Rib cage rises
thoracic cavity volume increases
intrapulmonary volume increases
intrapulmonary pressure increases until same as outside lungs
air enters lungs down pressure gradient until INTRAPULMONARY PRESSURE = ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

45
Q

Outline chain of intrapulmonary pressure in expiration?

A

Diaphragm and external intercostals relax
rib cage falls
thoracic cavity volume decreases
intrapulmonary volume decreases
INTRAPULMONARY PRESSURE IS GREATER THAN ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE TO AIR LEAVE LUNGS DOWN PRESSURE GRADIENT UNTIL PRESSURE IS ZERO

46
Q

What is pulmonary compliance?

A

Ease with which the lungs can be expanded

Healthy lungs are stretchy

47
Q

What does scar tissue in the lungs, difficulty in expanding lungs, blockages in smaller respiratory passages and low levels of surfactant reduce?

A

pulmonary compliance

48
Q

What does fluid and blood cells in alveoli and thickened alveolar walls in pneumonia affect?

A

Harder to expand alveoli in inspiration

49
Q

What happens in emphysema?

A

Confluent alveoli - breaks down walls so low surface area for gas exchange and large air spaces filled with air throughout exhalation - build up of CO2

50
Q

During inhalation the bronchioles enlarge, which decreases resistance to air flow. What happens in exhalation?

A

The resistance decreases as bronchioles decrease

51
Q

What is airway diameter regulated by?

A

Contraction/relaxation of smooth muscle in air ways

52
Q

Do asthmatics find it harder to breathe out or in?

A

Out, as airways stay narrow

53
Q

What 2 ways can lung function be assessed?

A

Chest sounds (for musus or absence of breath)

Pulmonary functions (speed can breathe out, volume out)

54
Q

What is Forced Vital Capacity?

A

Deep breath followed by rapid maximal exhalation

55
Q

What is Forced Expiratory Volume?

A

how much can breathe out in first and second breath

56
Q

In quiet breathing, what is active and what is passive?

A 
inhalation = active
expiration = passive

in forced both use additional muscles

57
Q

What is atmospheric air?

A

a mixture of gases

58
Q

What is Dalton’s law of partial pressure?

A

the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture

so the pressure exerted by each gas is directly proportional to its %

59
Q

In the respiratory membrane, how do gases diffuse?

A

down the pressure gradients

60
Q

what is henrys law?

A

the amount of gas that dissolves in water is determined by its solubility in water and partial pressure in air

61
Q

What factors affect the affinity of Hb for oxygen?

A

Carbon dioxide
Temperature
How acidic blood is
Structure of Hb

62
Q

How is carbon dioxide transported in the blood?

A

In plasma, bound to Hb and as bicarbonate

63
Q

What changes in CO2 transport to ensure breathing is smooth?

A

pH

64
Q

Changing body demands, altitude, disease and changing levels of co2, H and o2 in arterial blood can affect what?

A

rate and depth of breathing

65
Q

What are the key regulators of breathing?

A

CO2 (increases and decreases accordingly)

Hydrogen

66
Q

Should you give COPD patients lots of oxygen?

A

No as chemoreceptors will have adapted to take into account having lots of CO2 all the time.
If you did this would take away hypoxic drive and slow breathing further

Anatomy & Physiology (14 decks)

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