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Anatomy & Physiology > Basic Neuroscience > Flashcards

Basic Neuroscience Flashcards

0
Q

In ENS, what is the effect of intensifying the stimulus?

A

The size of twitch contractions get bigger

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1
Q

In electrical nerve stimulation, what happens when the ulnar nerve is stimulated?

A

The ADM muscle contracts

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2
Q

In ENS, what happens when the frequency of the stimulus increases?

A

The muscle contraction goes from twitching to tetonic

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3
Q

In what 2 clinical settings do we use ENS?

A

To measure nerve conduction velocity (e.g. check for carpal tunnel syndrome)

To test for myasthenia gravis (abnormal nerve-muscle transmission as muscle receptor cells are damaged)

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4
Q

What are the two classifications of the nervous system?

A

Structure and Function

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5
Q

What are the 2 nervous system types when functionally classified?

A

Somatic and Autonomic

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6
Q

Which functional nervous system interacts with the external environment?
(deals with sensation - eyes, ears, balance and skin and Motor - skeletal muscle/movement)

A

Somatic NS

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7
Q

Which functional nervous system regulates the internal environment/homeostasis (heart, blood vessels, lungs, kidneys, digestive system, glands, liver)?

A

Sympathetic NS and Parasympathetic NS

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8
Q

Which functional nervous system do the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems fall under?

A

The Autonomic NS

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9
Q

What is the basic functional unit of the nervous system?

A

Neurone

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10
Q

What are the supporting cells called that support the neurones in the nervous system?

A

Neurolgia - they outnumber neurones by 10:1 and they act as nutrition for cells

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11
Q

What does the cell body with dendrites act as in the neurone?

A

The input

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12
Q

What does the myelin sheath do in the neurone?

A

Speed up electrical impulses

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13
Q

What does the axon do in the neurone?

A

Impulses travel along it

It can be a really long nerve fibre e.g. big toe to spinal cord

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14
Q

Does the white matter or grey matter in the brain contain axons/tracts of nerve fibres?

A

The white matter (you can see the myelin which is why it is white)

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15
Q

Does the white matter or grey matter in the brain contain the nerve cell bodies and the main sites of nerve cells (cortex, basal nuclei)?

A

Grey matter

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16
Q

Does the nervous system have internal connective tissue for support?

A

No - it has supporting cells called neuroglia

Neuroglia outnumber neurones by 10:1

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17
Q

By how much do neuroglia outnumber neurones in the nervous system?

A

10:1

18
Q

Can the neuroglia be different shapes and sizes?

A

Yes they are

Astro ones are star shaped
Micro ones are small

19
Q

List the 4 types of neurones

A

No axon
Bipolar
Unipolar
Multipolar

20
Q

Neurons with no axons are called amacrine cells. Where do they transmit their signals from?

A

Their dendrites

21
Q

Do neurons ever have more than one axon?

A

No

22
Q

How many processes do unipolar, bipolar and multipolar neurones have?

A 
Uni = one
Bi = two
Multi = lots
23
Q

Inputs arrive at the neurone via the d…………….., action potentials then go along the a…………. and the s……………… t……………. release outputs (neurotransmitters) to another neurone or muscles/tissues

A

Input = dendrites
APs along AXON
Output = SYNAPTIC TERMINALS

24
Q

Nerve cells can communicate with what 3 things?

A

Nerve cells
Muscle
Glands

25
Q

Oligodendrocytes in the CNS and schwann cells in the peripheral NS do what?

A

Wrap around the axon and produce myelin

MS sufferers have problems with this

26
Q

Which NS do the schwann and oligodendrocytes cells work on?

A 
CNS = OLIGO
Peripheral = schwann
27
Q

Nerve cells communicate with each other by sending an a………….. p………….. (electrical signal) from the p…………… c…… across the s…………../j………………. to the ………………….. …….. .
A……………… P…………………are known as changes in membrane potential

A

Action Potential
Pre-synaptic Cell
Synapse/Junction
Post-synaptic cell

28
Q

A resting cell membrane is known as p………………..

A

Polarised (resting cell membrane)

29
Q

Is a polarised (resting) cell membrane negative or positive compared to the outside?

A

It has a negative charge - the inside is -70mv to -80mv

30
Q

When a resting cell membrane becomes depolarised, what has happened to it?

A

It has been stimulated

31
Q

What are the chain of events once the cell has been depolarised?

A

Sodium channels open and sodium floods in

The electrical potential in the cell becomes positive

32
Q

How does a cell re-polarise?

A

Sodium channels close
Potassium channels open and potassium moves out
Electrical potential turns normal and negative again

33
Q

If a cell membrane receives a small electrical stimulus below the threshold, is there an action potential?

A

No - a fixed size of AP is needed - a certain level of stimulus

34
Q

What does the presynaptic neurone release?

A

Neurotransmitters

35
Q

In the presynaptic neurone, what contains/releases NTs?

A

Vesicles

36
Q

Once released from the vesicles in the presynaptic neurone, what do the NTs cross to get to the postsynaptic neurone?

A

They diffuse across the synapse/synaptic junction

37
Q

Once the AP has caused the NTs to cross the synapse after being released by the vesicles in the presynaptic neurone, where do they bind to and go?

A

They bind to receptors in the post-synaptic neuron

38
Q

What part of the post-synaptic neurone is often an ion channel, that allows NTs to depolarise the membrane to cause an Action Potential?

A

Chemical synapse receptor

39
Q

What are the body’s executive controllers?

Systems begin with N and E

A

The nervous and endocrine systems

40
Q

There are 2 types of NS classification; functional and structural. What NS fall into each of these?

A

Functional: Somatic/Autonomic
Structural: CNS/PNS

41
Q

What is the basic unit in the NS?

A

Neurone

42
Q

What transmits action potentials/impulses?

A

Neurones

43
Q

Where do neurones release NTs?

A

Synapses

Anatomy & Physiology (14 decks)

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