Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy & Physiology > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

0
Q

Is blood liquid connective tissue?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Shortness of breath, lethargy, paleness, high heart rate, tiredness and light headedness are likely to be side effects of what?

A

Anaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Blood is liquid connective tissue, made up of what 2 things?

A

Cells

Matrix (plasma)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What do you call the plasma part of blood without the clotting factors?

A

Serum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Name 2 ways of obtaining blood:

A

Thumb/heal prick - e.g. for blood glucose

Venepuncture - directly from vein for a larger sample

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 3 functions of blood?

A

Transport
Protection
Regulates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Name 4 things the blood transports

A

Oxygen, nutrients, WBCs, hormones, CO2, H2O, waste products, heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Name 3 ways blood protects you:

A

Clotting
Immunity/defence
Inflammation (taking WBCs to an infected area)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What 4 things does blood regulate?

A

Fluids, pH, temperature, hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How does the viscosity of blood effect its function?

A

The thicker it is the slower its flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How does the volume of blood affect the body?

A

A high volume results in a high BP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Name the 3 properties of blood

A

Viscosity
Osmolarity (concentration - determined by electrolytes)
Volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How many litres of blood do adults have?

A

4-6L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What % of blood is clear plasma?

A

55%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What % of blood is made up of cells?

A

45%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does centrifuging do?

A

Separate cells from plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

If you lose lots of blood, does the % of RBCs go up or down?

A

Down. If you have lots of blood it goes up.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is haematocrit?

A

% of total blood volume made up of red cells

mens is higher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Name 5 plasma components

A 
Nutrients
Gases
Electrolytes (sodium is 90% of these)
Hormones
Plasma proteins

Organic waste products (urea, creatinine, uric acid, toxic breakdown products to be removed by kidneys)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the most abundant plasma protein?

A

Albumin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where is albumin produced?

A

The liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does albumin do?

A

Influences blood pressure, flow and fluid balance

It is ismotically active as pulls in water, helps to transport other proteins by binding to them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Other than albumin, name 2 plasma proteins and where they are produced:

A

Fibrinogen and clotting factors - produced in liver

Globulins - produced by plasma cells (immunity, fight bacteria)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What plasma protein provides us with immunity?

A

Globulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Do RBCs have a nucleus?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How many RBCs are there to every 1 WBC?

A

700 red blood cells to every one white cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What type of blood cell is a erythrocyte?

A

A red blood cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What gases do erythrocytes (RBCs) transport?

A

Oxygen and carbon dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What type of cell is disc shaped with a thick rim, to increase its surface area/volume ration?
This cell also cannot multiply and only has a 120 day life span:

A

RBCs/erythrocytes - have no nucleus or organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What substance makes up 1/3 of the cytoplasm in a erythrocyte (RBC)?

A

Haemoglobin - this is what makes it red

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What substance do erythrocytes (RBCs) contain that produce carbonic acid from CO2 and water?

A

Carbonic anhydrase enzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Where are RBCs broken down and recycled?

A

Spleen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How many chains (globins) are there in haemoglobin?

A

4: 2 alpha and 2 beta globin chains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

In each globin chain in haemoglobin, what does it contain to bind with oxygen?

A

Haem with iron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

How many oxygen molecules can each haemoglobin molecule carry?

A

4 - as 4 chains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Foetal haemoglobin is different to adult. In what way?

A

It has higher affinity to o2.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

How many molecules of haemoglobin does each RBC/erythrocyte contain?

A

Over a million

each molecule has 4 chains and therefore 4 o2
so even more oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Haematocrit is the % of blood volume made up of RBCs.

What are the consequences of someone having a low haemoglobin concentration in the whole blood?

A

Low haemoglobin = low oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are the normal RBC count in a man?

A

4.5-6.6 per litre

39
Q

Why do women have a lower RBC count to men?

A 
Less testosterone (androgens) to stimulate RBC production
Menstrual losses
40
Q

What is the Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate? (ESR)

A

The time it takes for RBCs to settle in a sample

In men it should be their age divided by two
In women, age plus ten divided by two

41
Q

What can increase the ESR in a blood sample? (4 reasons)

A

Cancer if widespread in body
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Kidney Disease
Severe or chronic infection

42
Q

What are leukocytes?

A

WBCs

43
Q

There are lots of types of leukocytes/WBCs, which are usually the biggest kind?

A

Monocytes

44
Q

Which leukocytes (WBCs) are granulocytes?

A

The grainy phils =

neutrophils - 60-70%
eosinophils - 2-4%
basophils - less than 1%

45
Q

Which types of leukocytes are agranulocytes?

A

Non grainy

Lymphocytes and monocytes

46
Q

What type of granulocyte (a type of leukocyte) increases in bacterial infections and undergoes phagocytosis (comes out as pus)?

A

Neutrophils

lots of these, come out as pus, increases if infected - “neutralise infection’

47
Q

What type of granulocyte increases in parasitic infections or allergies, such as asthma?

A

Eosinophils

E for Eleanor who has asthma

48
Q

What type of granulocyte increases in chicken pox, sinusitis and diabetes?

A

Basophils

hardly any so increases in things hardly get

49
Q

There are two type of leukocyte - granulocyte and agranulocytes.

For which one would you take antibiotics if it increased?

A

Granulocyte as non-viral infections

50
Q

What type of agranulocyte increases in infections and immune responses, and destroys cancer and foreign cells and virally infected cells?

A

Lymphocytes

51
Q

What type of agranulocyte becomes tissue macrophages? What does this mean?

A

Monocytes. As they are biggest think MACRO.

Macrophages start in blood then move to liver or spleen, they travel round, engulf and digest bacteria

52
Q

Which type of blood cell is there usually 4-11 x 10 per litre of in the blood?

A

WBCs/leukocytes

53
Q

What does leukocytosis mean?

A

Increase in WBCs

54
Q

What leukocytes increase for appendicitis, bacterial infection or haemorrhage?

A

Neutrophils

55
Q

What type of leukocytes increase for chronic infections?

A

Lymphocytes

56
Q

What type of leukocytes increase for bronchial asthma, hayfever, tapeworm or hook worm?

A

Eosinophils

57
Q

What type of leukocytes increase for haemolytic anaemia and chicken pox?

A

Basophils

58
Q

What type of leukocytes increase for malaria or typhoid?

A

Monocytes

59
Q

What do you call fragments of blood cells that play a major role in coagulation and clotting?

A

Platelets

60
Q

What in the blood can secret clotting factors, factors for endothelial repair, vasoconstrictors in broken vessels, and can form temporary platelet plugs and dissolve old blood clots?

A

Platelets

61
Q

What can attract WBCs to sites of inflammation so they can phagocyteose bacteria?

A

Platelets

62
Q

What does haemopoiesis mean?

A

Blood cell production

63
Q

Haemopoiesis (blood cell production) occurs in the tissues. Which tissues do these occur in before birth?

A

In embryo - the yolk sac

Until birth - the liver and spleen

64
Q

Haemopoiesis (blood cell production) occurs in the tissues. Which 2 tissues do these usually occur in?

A

Red Bone Marrow = RBCs, WBCs and platelets

Lymphoid Tissues = WBC production and maturation

65
Q

Hypoxia triggers the kidney and liver to produce what hormone? And what does this hormone stimulate?

A

EPO

Stimulates RBC production

66
Q

What does erythropoiesis mean?

A

RBC/erythrocyte production

67
Q

How many RBCs can be produced a second?

A

2.5million

68
Q

How long does it take for an erythrocyte to develop (reduce in cell size, synthesise haemoglobin and lose nucleus)?

A

3-5 days

69
Q

What are reticulocytes?

What does it imply if they are circulating in the blood?

A

Young red blood cells.

Implies released early and been blood loss. Couldn’t wait 3-5 days to develop

70
Q

How long do erythrocytes last for?

A

120 days

71
Q

Erythrocytes have fragile membranes. Why?

A

so they can burst in narrow channels in the spleen

72
Q

What do macrophages in the spleen and liver do to old red blood cells?

A

Digest cell components and convert haem to bilirubin.

This becomes bile product in faeces.

73
Q

If faeces is no longer brown, what could this indicate is wrong with the blood?

A

Erythrocyte breakdown, as bile turns it brown

74
Q

What type of feedback mechanism is erythrocyte homeostasis?

A

Negative Feedback

75
Q

Outline erythrocyte homeostasis

A 
Drop in RBC count
Hypoxemia to kidneys
Increases EPO
Stimulates bone marrow
in 3-4 days = increased RBC count
76
Q

Name 3 causes of hypoxia

A 
lung disease
smoking
high altitude
increase in exercise
bleeding
77
Q

When can increasing RBCs due to hypoxia be a bad thing?

A

In smokers. Blood becomes too thick, moves slower = increased risk of clotting, thrombosis and strokes

78
Q

What do we need iron, vitamin B12 and folic acid for?

A

RBC production

79
Q

What is red meat, shellfish, dried fruit, nuts and legumes good for?

A

Iron and RBC production

80
Q

What is needed for RBC development and division?

A

Folic acid

81
Q

A problem with RBCs or haemoglobin can reduce the body’s ability to carry oxygen with blood. What is this known as?

A

Anaemia

82
Q

Decreased RBC production or haemoglobin synthesis, inadequate nutrition, loss of blood and RBC destruction are 4 causes of what?

A

Anaemia

sickle cell disease is haemolytic anaemia where RBC destruction happens

83
Q

Name the 6 types of anaemia

A 
Diet Induced
Macrocytic/microcytic
Pernicious macrocytic
Haemorrhagic normocytic
Haemolytic
Aplastic
84
Q

What is macrocytic anaemia?

A

Not enough vitamin B or folic acid - can’t break down RBCs so MACRO

85
Q

What is microcytic anaemia?

A

RBCs too small due to lack of iron

86
Q

What is pernicious anaemia?

A

Where people can’t absorb vitamin B, have to inject otherwise macrophages can’t break down cell as TOO BIG

87
Q

What is Haemorrhagic/normocytic anaemia?

A

lost blood quickly so not enough RBCs

88
Q

What is haemolytic anaemia?

A

where RBCs break down, e.g. sickle cell

89
Q

What is aplastic anaemia?

A

A problem with bone marrow producing enough RBCs

90
Q

Where are platelets reduced?

A

Bone marrow

91
Q

What is the function of MEGAkaryocytes in the bone marrow?

A

Platelets split off them as cell fragments from the cytoplasm

92
Q

How long do platelets last for?

A

4 days

93
Q

Erythrocytes contain haemoglobin, which plays an important role in the transport of what?

A

Oxygen

94
Q

If there is not enough RBCs, what can this cause?

A

Anaemia

95
Q

What blood cells contain a large nucleus?

A

leukocytes

96
Q

What % of blood volume do RBCs make up in healthy people?

A

45%

Anatomy & Physiology (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions