Metabolism Flashcards
What is metabolism?
What we do with nutrients once they are delivered to the cell
What are nutrients provided by?
The food we eat
What is the name of the process that occurs once nutrients are delivered to the cell?
Metabolism
What key thing does metabolism regulate?
Blood glucose
What do we use for growth, repair or maintenance?
Nutrients
What are examples of nutrients?
PCF MVW
Proteins, Carbohydrates, Fats
Minerals, Vitamins and Water
Name the macronutrients.
How much do we need of these?
Water, carbohydrates, proteins and fats.
We need these in large amounts
Name the micronutrients.
What amount do we need of these?
Vitamins and Minerals
We need these in small amounts
What types of nutrient cannot be synthesised by the body and therefore must be included in the diet?
Essential nutrients
What are essential nutrients?
Nutrients that cannot be synthesised by the body and therefore must be included in the diet
Name the 3 types of carbohydrate
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
What are glucose, fructose and galactose examples of?
Monosaccharide carbohydrates
What are monosaccharide carbohydrates?
Name them
Monosaccharide carbohydrates are one type of sugar
Examples are glucose, fructose and galactose
What are sucrose, lactose and maltose examples of?
Disaccharide Carbohydrates
What are disaccharide carbohydrates?
Carbohydrates that are 2 sugars
Name 3 disaccharide carbohydrates:
Sucrose
Lactose
Maltose
What is sucrose made up of?
Glucose and fructose
sUCrose = frUCtose
What is lactose made up of?
Glucose and galactose
gaLACTOSE
What is maltose made up of?
Glucose and glucose
What are polysaccharides made up of/known as?
More than 2 sugars - complex carbohydrates
What are starch, glycogen and cellulose examples of?
Complex carbohydrate
Which polysaccharide is an important source of fibre?
Cellulose
Which polysaccharide is only found in small amounts, in cooked meats?
Glycogen
What do all carbohydrates generate?
Glucose
Carbohydrates generate glucose. At what point do neurons and RBCs depend on glucose?
After it has been converted to energy
After carbohydrates have generated glucose, what can glucose form?
Structural components of other molecules (such as glycoproteins)
After carbohydrates have generated glucose, what can glucose provide, other than energy?
And in what form and where?
Energy stores -
At first as GLYCOGEN (in liver and skeletal muscles)
but if glycogen stores are full - it is converted and stored as FAT
What nutrient do we require the most of?
Carbohydrates
In grams, what is the GDA of carbohydrates?
230g a day
about 14g in a slice of bread
Where do most carbohydrates come from?
Plants
Why are complex carbohydrates/polysaccharides the best form of carbohydrates?
They are more sustained and release energy more slowly than other types - as they have to be broken down, insulin is secreted more slowly and gradually
Pasta, bread, rice, potatoes, fruit, sugar and milk are sources of what?
Carbohydrates
What type of nutrient is an animal or plant carbohydrate that resists digestion?
Fibre
What is fibre?
An animal or plant carbohydrate that resists digestion
What are the 2 effects of fibre?
Absorbs water into the intestine = softening stool
Provides bulk to speed up transit time
helps with digestion
How many grams of fibre do we need a day?
24g
What effect does excess fibre have?
It can interfere with mineral absorption (such as iron and calcium etc…)
Which nutrient can affect mineral absorption if taken in excess?
Fibre
What nutrient constitutes 12-15% of body mass?
Proteins
How much body mass do proteins constitute?
12-15%
What nutrient is present in skeletal muscles, enzymes, hormones, cell membrane receptors, collagen and haemoglobin (amongst other things in the body)?
Protein
Where are proteins mainly found?
In the plasma
What are proteins broken down into, when in the digestive tract?
Amino Acids
Where are proteins broken down into amino acids?
The digestive tract
What two things happen to proteins after they have been broken down into amino acids?
The synthesis of new proteins
Transamination in the liver
How are proteins made into new, structure proteins in the body?
They are broken down into acids, which are then made into peptides, that join together to make proteins
How many amino acids are there?
20
What are essential amino acids? How many are there?
They are amino acids that must be ingested as they cannot be synthesised by the body. There are 8 of them.
What 2 groups do amino acids have?
An amino group and a carboxyl (acid) group
NH2 and COO
Name the 8 essential amino acids
HILL TT MPV
Histidine Isoleucine Leucine Lysine Methionine Phenylalanine Threonine Tryptophan Valine
What are histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan and valine examples of?
Essential Amino Acids
What are alanine, asparagine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, serine, arginine, cyestine, glutamine, glycine, proline and tyrosine examples of?
Non-essential amino acids
How much protein do we need a day?
What does the exact amount we need depend on?
45-60g
Age and sex
Where are complete proteins with all essential amino acids found?
Animal products like eggs, meat and milk
What is the advantage of complete proteins?
They provide other nutrients such as vitamins and minerals
Where are incomplete proteins found, that lack one or more essential amino acids?
Plant sources
What are the disadvantages of incomplete proteins?
They must be combined to ensure all amino acids are provided
What are the 4 uses of lipids?
EAPP
Energy Storage (twice as much energy per gram to sugars & proteins)
Absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
Plasma membranes & myelin
Precursor of steroids, bile salts, vitamin D and prostaglandins
Which macronutrient has twice as much energy per gram than the other macronutrients (excluding water)?
Lipids
What percentage of body fat do adult males and adult females have?
Adult male - 15%
Adult female - 25%
What are lipids a precursor of?
SBVP
Steroids
Bile salts
Vitamin D
Prostaglandins
What macronutrient do we need to absorb fat-soluble vitamins and make plasma membranes and myelin?
Lipids
What % of your daily calorie intake should fat be?
Less than 30%
Only less than 30% of your daily calorie intake should be made up of fat.
What is your GDA of fat?
70g a day
20g of this should be saturated
Can most fatty acids be synthesised?
Yes
Which types of fat tend to come from animal origin?
Saturated Fats
Which types of fats tend to come from nuts, seeds and vegetable oil?
Unsaturated Fats
Which types of fats tend to come from egg yolks, cream, shellfish, organ meats and other meats?
Cholesterol
Are lipids water soluble?
No
