Metabolism

Question 0

What is metabolism?

Answer 0

What we do with nutrients once they are delivered to the cell

Question 1

What are nutrients provided by?

Answer 1

The food we eat

Question 2

What is the name of the process that occurs once nutrients are delivered to the cell?

Answer 2

Metabolism

Question 3

What key thing does metabolism regulate?

Answer 3

Blood glucose

Question 4

What do we use for growth, repair or maintenance?

Answer 4

Nutrients

Question 5

What are examples of nutrients?

PCF MVW

Answer 5

Proteins, Carbohydrates, Fats

Minerals, Vitamins and Water

Question 6

Name the macronutrients.

How much do we need of these?

Answer 6

Water, carbohydrates, proteins and fats.

We need these in large amounts

Question 7

Name the micronutrients.

What amount do we need of these?

Answer 7

Vitamins and Minerals

We need these in small amounts

Question 8

What types of nutrient cannot be synthesised by the body and therefore must be included in the diet?

Answer 8

Essential nutrients

Question 9

What are essential nutrients?

Answer 9

Nutrients that cannot be synthesised by the body and therefore must be included in the diet

Question 10

Name the 3 types of carbohydrate

Answer 10

Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides

Question 11

What are glucose, fructose and galactose examples of?

Answer 11

Monosaccharide carbohydrates

Question 12

What are monosaccharide carbohydrates?

Name them

Answer 12

Monosaccharide carbohydrates are one type of sugar

Examples are glucose, fructose and galactose

Question 13

What are sucrose, lactose and maltose examples of?

Answer 13

Disaccharide Carbohydrates

Question 14

What are disaccharide carbohydrates?

Answer 14

Carbohydrates that are 2 sugars

Question 15

Name 3 disaccharide carbohydrates:

Answer 15

Sucrose
Lactose
Maltose

Question 16

What is sucrose made up of?

Answer 16

Glucose and fructose

sUCrose = frUCtose

Question 17

What is lactose made up of?

Answer 17

Glucose and galactose

gaLACTOSE

Question 18

What is maltose made up of?

Answer 18

Glucose and glucose

Question 19

What are polysaccharides made up of/known as?

Answer 19

More than 2 sugars - complex carbohydrates

Question 20

What are starch, glycogen and cellulose examples of?

Answer 20

Complex carbohydrate

Question 21

Which polysaccharide is an important source of fibre?

Answer 21

Cellulose

Question 22

Which polysaccharide is only found in small amounts, in cooked meats?

Answer 22

Glycogen

Question 23

What do all carbohydrates generate?

Answer 23

Glucose

Question 24

Carbohydrates generate glucose. At what point do neurons and RBCs depend on glucose?

Answer 24

After it has been converted to energy

Question 25

After carbohydrates have generated glucose, what can glucose form?

Answer 25

Structural components of other molecules (such as glycoproteins)

Question 26

After carbohydrates have generated glucose, what can glucose provide, other than energy? And in what form and where?

Answer 26

Energy stores - At first as GLYCOGEN (in liver and skeletal muscles) but if glycogen stores are full - it is converted and stored as FAT

Question 27

What nutrient do we require the most of?

Answer 27

Carbohydrates

Question 28

In grams, what is the GDA of carbohydrates?

Answer 28

230g a day | about 14g in a slice of bread

Question 29

Where do most carbohydrates come from?

Answer 29

Plants

Question 30

Why are complex carbohydrates/polysaccharides the best form of carbohydrates?

Answer 30

They are more sustained and release energy more slowly than other types - as they have to be broken down, insulin is secreted more slowly and gradually

Question 31

Pasta, bread, rice, potatoes, fruit, sugar and milk are sources of what?

Answer 31

Carbohydrates

Question 32

What type of nutrient is an animal or plant carbohydrate that resists digestion?

Answer 32

Fibre

Question 33

What is fibre?

Answer 33

An animal or plant carbohydrate that resists digestion

Question 34

What are the 2 effects of fibre?

Answer 34

Absorbs water into the intestine = softening stool | Provides bulk to speed up transit time helps with digestion

Question 35

How many grams of fibre do we need a day?

Answer 35

24g

Question 36

What effect does excess fibre have?

Answer 36

It can interfere with mineral absorption (such as iron and calcium etc...)

Question 37

Which nutrient can affect mineral absorption if taken in excess?

Answer 37

Fibre

Question 38

What nutrient constitutes 12-15% of body mass?

Answer 38

Proteins

Question 39

How much body mass do proteins constitute?

Answer 39

12-15%

Question 40

What nutrient is present in skeletal muscles, enzymes, hormones, cell membrane receptors, collagen and haemoglobin (amongst other things in the body)?

Answer 40

Protein

Question 41

Where are proteins mainly found?

Answer 41

In the plasma

Question 42

What are proteins broken down into, when in the digestive tract?

Answer 42

Amino Acids

Question 43

Where are proteins broken down into amino acids?

Answer 43

The digestive tract

Question 44

What two things happen to proteins after they have been broken down into amino acids?

Answer 44

The synthesis of new proteins Transamination in the liver

Question 45

How are proteins made into new, structure proteins in the body?

Answer 45

They are broken down into acids, which are then made into peptides, that join together to make proteins

Question 46

How many amino acids are there?

Answer 46

20

Question 47

What are essential amino acids? How many are there?

Answer 47

They are amino acids that must be ingested as they cannot be synthesised by the body. There are 8 of them.

Question 48

What 2 groups do amino acids have?

Answer 48

An amino group and a carboxyl (acid) group NH2 and COO

Question 49

Name the 8 essential amino acids | HILL TT MPV

Answer 49

``` Histidine Isoleucine Leucine Lysine Methionine Phenylalanine Threonine Tryptophan Valine ```

Question 50

What are histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan and valine examples of?

Answer 50

Essential Amino Acids

Question 51

What are alanine, asparagine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, serine, arginine, cyestine, glutamine, glycine, proline and tyrosine examples of?

Answer 51

Non-essential amino acids

Question 52

How much protein do we need a day? | What does the exact amount we need depend on?

Answer 52

45-60g Age and sex

Question 53

Where are complete proteins with all essential amino acids found?

Answer 53

Animal products like eggs, meat and milk

Question 54

What is the advantage of complete proteins?

Answer 54

They provide other nutrients such as vitamins and minerals

Question 55

Where are incomplete proteins found, that lack one or more essential amino acids?

Answer 55

Plant sources

Question 56

What are the disadvantages of incomplete proteins?

Answer 56

They must be combined to ensure all amino acids are provided

Question 57

What are the 4 uses of lipids? | EAPP

Answer 57

Energy Storage (twice as much energy per gram to sugars & proteins) Absorption of fat-soluble vitamins Plasma membranes & myelin Precursor of steroids, bile salts, vitamin D and prostaglandins

Question 58

Which macronutrient has twice as much energy per gram than the other macronutrients (excluding water)?

Answer 58

Lipids

Question 59

What percentage of body fat do adult males and adult females have?

Answer 59

Adult male - 15% Adult female - 25%

Question 60

What are lipids a precursor of? | SBVP

Answer 60

Steroids Bile salts Vitamin D Prostaglandins

Question 61

What macronutrient do we need to absorb fat-soluble vitamins and make plasma membranes and myelin?

Answer 61

Lipids

Question 62

What % of your daily calorie intake should fat be?

Answer 62

Less than 30%

Question 63

Only less than 30% of your daily calorie intake should be made up of fat. What is your GDA of fat?

Answer 63

70g a day | 20g of this should be saturated

Question 64

Can most fatty acids be synthesised?

Answer 64

Yes

Question 65

Which types of fat tend to come from animal origin?

Answer 65

Saturated Fats

Question 66

Which types of fats tend to come from nuts, seeds and vegetable oil?

Answer 66

Unsaturated Fats

Question 67

Which types of fats tend to come from egg yolks, cream, shellfish, organ meats and other meats?

Answer 67

Cholesterol

Question 68

Are lipids water soluble?

Answer 68

No