Cells and Tissues Flashcards
A cell is a living entity. Name its 5 components (MCONC)
Membrane Cytoplasm Organelles Nuclear Region Cytoskeleton
What is the fundamental unit of all living things that performs all the basic functions of life?
Cells
What is the purpose of a cell membrane?
To maintain the cells integrity and for signalling
What part of the cell maintains the cells integrity and is used for signalling?
The cell membrane
What is the purpose of cytoplasm?
It is where biological processes take place
Where do biological processes take place within cells?
The cytoplasm
What are organelles?
Specialised compartments within a cell
What do you call specialised compartments within a cell?
Organelles
What part of the cell contains hereditary material?
The nuclear region
What part of the cell allows it to move, and gives it strength?
The cytoskeleton
There are two types of organism. What are they classified as?
Eukaryotes
Prokaryotic
What are multi-cellular organisms classed as?
Eukaryotes
What are single-cell organisms classed as?
Prokaryotic
Do eukaryotes have cells with a nucleus (karyon)?
Yes
What size are cells in eukaryotes?
10-40 or larger
Which type of organism has extensive organelles in its cells?
Eukaryotes
Name 3 differentiating properties of eukaryotic cells
Nucleus with DNA
Large (10-40)
Extensive organelles
Name 5 differentiating properties of prokaryotic cells
Lack nucleus Small (1-5) Hereditary material is found in the cytoplasm No organelles Cell wall and capsule (not membrane)
In what type of cell is hereditary material is found in the cytoplasm, and also has a cell wall or capsule?
Prokaryotic cell
What are bacteria and yeast examples of?
Prokaryotic cells/single-cell organisms
What part of a cell acts as a ‘gate keeper’?
Plasma Membrane
What part of the cell defines boundaries, interacts with other cells, controls the flow of substances (is selectively permeable), and maintains cellular homeostasis?
The plasma membrane
What part of the cell maintains cellular homeostasis?
Plasma Membrane
What part of the cell is composed of 90-99% lipids and 1-10% proteins?
Plasma Membrane
What is the plasma membrane made up of?
Mainly lipids and a bit of protein
90-99% and 1-10%
What part of the cell is fluid-mosaic (a fatty structure that can move and change shape)?
Plasma Membrane
What does selectively permeable mean?
Where only certain things can get in and/or out
What is located on the plasma membrane that determines cell responses and defines cell function?
Receptors
What are the 2 functions of the receptors that sit in the plasma membrane?
To determine cell responses
To define cell function
Where can you find cytoplasm?
Within cells
What is cytosol?
It is the viscous fluid that is cytoplasm
What is cytoplasm/cytosol and what 3 things is it made up of?
It is made up of water, ions and proteins
It is where cell organelles are suspended
What is the name of the discrete structures that have a defined function?
Organelles
What are organelles?
Discrete structures that have a defined function
Where are organelles?
In the cytoplasm/cytosol within cells
What are mitochondria, the nucleus, ER and lysosomes examples of?
Organelles
What type of organelle is the control centre of the cell?
The nucleus
Within the nucleus, what substance contains chromosomes which contain the genetic information for life?
DNA
What does DNA carry?
The genetic information for life
Where is RNA found?
In the nucleolus
What does RNA stand for?
Ribonucleic Acid
What part of the cell is associated with cell division for reproduction?
The nucleus
What is mitosis?
Cell division necessary for growth, regeneration etc
What is meiosis?
Cell division necessary for sexual reproduction
What part of the cell controls mitosis and meiosis?
The nucleus
What part of the cell has the function of component production/assembly line?
Endoplasmic Reticulum
What does the rough endoplasmic reticulum synthesise?
Protein synthesis
What does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum synthesise?
Lipid synthesis
What part of the ER is responsible for protein synthesis?
Rough
What part of the ER is responsible for lipid synthesis?
Smooth
What does ER stand for? What does it do?
Endoplasmic Reticulum.
It produces things (proteins and lipids) - component production
What part of the cells function is assembly and packaging?
Golgi Complex
What 2 things does the golgi complex do?
Modifies Carbohydrates
Packages, modifies and sorts proteins into vesicles
After this it sends the products to another cell to be released
After the ER synthesises proteins, what happens to them?
They are packaged, modified and sorted into vesicles by the golgi complex
What part of the cell is responsible for energy production?
The mitochondria
What does the mitochondria do?
Produce energy.
It gets glucose to produce to ATP. Sends this to cytosol which gives to everything else in the cell.
If a cell needs lots of energy, what will it need lots of?
Mitochondrion
What part of the cell is the site of ATP synthesis and contains DNA?
Mitochondrion
Most cells have 10s to 100s (and the liver and muscle have 1000s) of what?
Mitochondria
What part of the cell acts as a recycle centre?
Lysosome
What part of the cell contains enzymes to breakdown small food stuffs and destroy unwanted proteins and chemicals?
Lysosome
it sends what we do need to cytosol
Where does the golgi complex send its waste?
Lysosomes
What part of the cell acts as a container transport?
Secretory granules
What 2 main things do secretory granules do?
Contain products to be released into the circulation (e.g. insulin, amylase)
Bind to the plasma membrane to release their contents by exocytosis
What is exocytosis, and what part of the cell releases its contents this way?
It is where SECRETORY GRANULES bind to the plasma membrane to release their contents
What is the name of an aggregation of cells with a specialised structure and/or function?
Tissue
What is the definition of tissue?
An aggregation of cells with a specialised structure and/or function
Name the 4 basic tissues and their function
ECMN
Epithelium - covering
Connective - support
Muscle - movement
Neural - communication & control
What type of tissue acts as protection/a barrier and controls absorption and secretion?
Epithelia
What type of tissue is made up of layers of closely bound cells, which either cover internal and external surfaces of organs, or line cavities and tubes
Epithelia
What is epithelium tissue supported by?
A basement membrane
How many layers are simple epithelia?
1
What are stratified epithelia?
2 or more layers of epithelial cells
What are simple squamous epithelial cells?
What is their function?
What is their location?
One layer thick and flat (SQUAshed)
Function: to exchange nutrients and gases
Location: such as blood vessels and alveoli
What type of epithelial cells are good for rapid exchange?
Simple squamous - as flat and only one layer thick
What are stratified squamous epithelia?
What is its function?
Where is it found?
Flat (SQUAshed) surface cells, many layers
Function: to act as a protective barrier
Location: oral cavity, anus, vagina, oesophagus, skin
What are keratinised, stratified squamous epithelia?
What is its function?
Where can it be found?
Flat/SQUAshed surface cells with many layers
Has keratin which is a protein
Function: to protect/act as a barrier and be WATERPROOF
Location: skin, hair
What type of cells exchange nutrients and gases?
Simple Squamous Epithelial Cells
What type of cells act as protection/a barrier? (not waterproof)
Stratified Squamous Epithelial Cells
What type of cells act as a waterproof barrier and for protection?
Keratinised Stratified Squamous Epithelial Cells
What is keratin?
Protein from dead cells that can act as protection for living cells
What are simple cuboidal epithelium?
What is its function?
Where can it be found?
One layer of cuboid cells
They secrete and absorb things (related to control)
Found in glands and kidney tubules
What are simple columnar epithelium?
Where is its function?
Where are they found?
One layer of tall cells, with basally located nuclei
They absorb and secrete
They are found in the GI Tract and organs, e.g. the gall bladder
What are modified simple columnar modified columnar epithelium?
What is its function?
Where is it found?
One layer of tall cells with basally located nuclei
They may have surface modifications like microvilli
They absorb and secrete things like nutrients and fluids
Can be found in the GI Tract e.g. intestines
What are complex columnar epithelium?
What is its functions?
Where can it be found?
One layer of tall cells with basally located nuclei that appear stratified, but all cells still touch basement membrane
Also have modifications like cilia and goblet cells
Functions include mucociliary escalator
Locations include trachea and large respiratory airways (move dust out of lungs etc)
In regard to epithelial cells, what does a tight junction do?
Stick them together but stop communicating
In regard to epithelial cells, what does a gap junction do?
Allow substances to move from one cell to another - for communicating and passing nutrients etc
What type of tissue has the role of support?
Connective
1 in 10 people have a disease of what type of tissue?
Connective (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis)
What type of tissue has non-living material and provides structural/metabolic support?
Supporting connective tissue
What type of tissue consists of the extracellular matrix:
- ground substance - proteins, proteoglycans, water
- tissue fluid
- fibres - collagen, reticular, elastic
Specialised connective tissue
What type of tissue are fibroblasts made up of?
Connective tissue = they connect the lumen of the gut to the smooth muscle cells
The tissue here is made up of columnar cells
What type of tissues are proper and fluid tissue?
Specialised connective tissue
What types of tissue are: bone and cartilage ligament adipocytes blood
proper and fluid connective tissue
What type of ‘proper’ tissue is made up of hard tissues with a high density of cells and fibres?
Bone and cartilage
Blood cells and proteins are what type of tissue?
Fluid connective tissue
What does muscle tissue consist of?
Muscle Cells
What type of tissue is capable of contracting in order to produce movement?
Muscle Tissue
Name the 3 types of muscle tissue
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth (hollow organs and blood vessels)
What type of tissue is a functional unit neuron?
Neural tissue
Where is neural tissue found?
The Central Nervous System (brain and spinal cord)
The Peripheral Nervous System
What are the 3 types of neural tissue (based on structure)?
Unipolar - where dendrite and axon emerge from same process
Bipolar - where axon and single dendrite are on opposite ends of cell body
Multipolar - more than two dendrites
What are the 2 types of functional classification of neural tissue?
Direction of impulses - afferent = sensory neurons
- efferent = motor neurons
- interneurons that connect
Action on other neurons - Excitatory, inhibitory and modulatory
Give an example of loose (areolar) connective tissue
lots of ground substance and little collagen
epithelium
Give an example of dense irregular connective tissue
lots of collagen and haphazard arrangement
skin
Give an example of dense regular connective tissue
lots of collagen
ligaments/tendons
What is the most abundant protein in the body?
Collagen
How many different types of collagen are there?
What % of protein does it make up of in the body?
28 types
25%
What is the role of elastin tissue?
To facilitate stretching and recoiling of structures
e.g. stretches skin, inflates/deflates lungs, contracts/relaxes blood vessels
What tissue allows skin to stretch, lungs to inflate and blood vessels to contract?
Elastin
