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Anatomy & Physiology > The Nervous System > Flashcards

The Nervous System Flashcards

0
Q

What is the CNS comprised of?

A

Brain

Spinal Cord

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1
Q

The nervous system is made up of what two structures?

A

The Central Nervous System and

The Peripheral Nervous System

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2
Q

What is the PNS comprised of?

A

Cranial Nerves

Spinal Nerves

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3
Q

What are the two systems of the nervous system when it is functionally classified?

A

Somatic and

Autonomic

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4
Q

What does the somatic nervous system do?

A

Controls motor stuff (skeletal muscle)

Sensory - (pain, temperature, touch, pressure, proprioception and special senses)

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5
Q

What is the autonomic system made up of?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

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6
Q

What is a neurone?

A

A nerve cell - it is the basic functional unit of the nervous system

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7
Q

A neurone is the basic functional unit of the nervous system. What 3 areas does it relay information between?

A
  • different regions of the CNS
  • CNS and PNS
  • CNS and other body systems
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8
Q

What 3 things make up the neurone?

A

Dendrite
Body
Axon

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9
Q

Dendrites act as what?

A

Sensory receptors for a neurone

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10
Q

What does the axon do in a neurone?

A

Release neurotransmitter that causes a response (muscle movement or AP of another neurone)

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11
Q

Define a nerve

A

A bundle of axons (neurones) that carry info from the CNS to the rest of the body or v.versa

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12
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

Where do they enter and leave the CNS?

A

There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves

Cranial nerves arise from the brain

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13
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

Where do they enter and leave the CNS?

A

There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves.

Spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord

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14
Q

What is the large ‘main’ part of the brain called?

A

The cerebrum

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15
Q

What is the diencephalon made up of (next to the mid brain)?

A

Thalamus and hypothalamus

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16
Q

What 3 things is the brain stem made up of?

A

The midbrain, pons and medulla

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17
Q

Where is the cerebellum located?

A

At the back of the brain at the bottom

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18
Q

What part of the brain lies posterior to the brain stem and is involved in balance, posture and muscle tone, and coordinates movement?

A

Cerebellum

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19
Q

What part of the brain contains ascending and descending nerve fibre tracts?

A

The brain stem

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20
Q

Cranial fibres 3 to 12 arise from what part of the brain?

A

The brain stem

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21
Q

What part of the brain contains vital centres such as cardiovascular and respiratory centres (and could be affected by a big lesion)?

A

Brain stem

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22
Q

Which part of the brain stem has fibres that bring in sensory information from the spine?

A

Medulla

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23
Q

What part of the diencephalon is an important relay station for sensory information?

A

Thalamus

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24
Q

What part of the diencephalon is used for hormone secretion, as an integrating centre for ANS, thermoregulation, hunger and satiety centres and as a thirst centre?

A

Hypothalamus

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25
Q

Which part of the brain has 2 hemispheres?

A

Cerebrum

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26
Q

What are the sulci and gyri?

A

Sulci are the grooves in the cerebrum

Gyri are the bumps

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27
Q

What part of the brain has sulci and gyri, cortex (grey matter where nerve cells are), connecting fibres (white matter) and basal ganglia (grey matter with nuclei of different neurones)?

A

Cerebrum

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28
Q

What is the big large sulcus in the middle of the brain called?

A

The longitudinal fissure

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29
Q

What part of the cerebrum is the motor cortex, that controls intellect, planning, mood and social judgement?

A

The frontal lobe

30
Q

What part of the cerebrum is the somatosensory cortex that is responsible for general sensation and taste?

A

Parietal lobe

31
Q

What part of the cerebrum is the auditory cortex?

A

The temporal lobe

32
Q

What part of the cerebrum is the visual cortex?

A

The occipital lobe

33
Q

In the cerebrum, what is the primary motor cortex?

A

The precentral gyrus (info from here goes to parietal and to body)

34
Q

In the cerebrum, where is the primary sensory cortex?

A

In the postcentral gyrus (info from here goes to the temporal lobe and to body)

35
Q

If damage to the top of the brain occurs, what areas could it potentially damage?

A

The precentral or postcentral gyrus. Depending on which bit can affect movement or sensation in particular location of body

36
Q

In what area of the brain can a lesion have a disastrous effect?

A

The brain stem

37
Q

What are the precentral and postcentral gyri divided by?

A

Central sulcus

38
Q

What does Wernicke’s area do?

A

Language - enables to hear, read and put together what we want to say. Damage to this area = aphasia (can speak but don’t know what saying)

39
Q

What does Broca’s area do?

A

Is responsible for motor speech.

Damage = can’t speak even if know what want to say

40
Q

What 2 things protect the brain?

A

Skull

Meninges

41
Q

How do the meninges protect the brain?

A

They are 3 layers of connective tissue that cushion the brain/allow the brain to float

42
Q

What are the names of the 3 membranes that make up the meninges?
DAP

A

Dura Mater
Arachnoid Mater
Pia Mater

43
Q

Where is the subarachnoid space in the meninges?

A

It is between the pia and arachnoid mater

44
Q

What is the name of the space between the pia and the arachnoid mater, that contains CSF?

A

Subarachnoid space

45
Q

What meninge is tough and durable, does not stretch and stops the brain moving or spinning?

A

Dura Mater

46
Q

What meninge is just over the brain but just above the subarachnoid space?

A

The arachnoid mater

47
Q

What meninge is fine and directly covers the surface of the brain in all its nooks and crannies?

A

The pia mater

48
Q

Why is there CSF in the subarachnoid space?

A

To bathe the brain, give it nutrients and lighten it so doesn’t get damaged/pressure sores

49
Q

What system produces CSF?

A

The ventricular system

50
Q

What system is made up of 2 lateral ventricles (cerebral hemispheres), third ventricle (lateral walls formed by the thalamus), cerebral aqueduct (connects 3rd to 4th ventricle), fourth ventricle (between brain stem and cerebellum)?

A

Ventricular System - it produces CSF

51
Q

What system is continuous with the subarachnoid space and the central canal of the spinal cord?

A

The ventricular system that produces CSF

52
Q

Blood is supplied to the brain via which two arteries?

A

Internal carotid arteries

Vertebral arteries

53
Q

Which artery supplies blood to the front of the cerebrum?

A

Internal carotid artery

54
Q

Which artery supplies blood to the back of the cerebrum?

A

The vertebral artery

55
Q

Communicating arteries that connect the branches of the internal carotid and vertebral arteries to from a network are termed what?

A

The circle of willis

56
Q

Can the circle of willis compensate if one of the usual bloody supply arteries was blocked or narrowed?

A

Yes

57
Q

What 3 types of fibres can the cranial nerves carry?

Only 4 pairs carry one of these fibres

A

Motor Fibres
Sensory Fibres
Some of both

Parasympathetic Fibres

58
Q

Give one example of a cranial nerve containing just sensory fibres

A

olfactory
optic
vestibulocochlear

59
Q

Give one example of a cranial nerve that contains only motor fibres

A 
Oculomotor
Trochlear
Abducens
Accessory
Hypoglosseal
60
Q

Name one cranial nerve that contains both sensory and motor fibres

A

Trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus

61
Q

Name one cranial nerve that contains parasympathetic fibres

A

Oculomotor (motor)
Facial (both)
Glossopharyngeal (both)
Vagus (both)

62
Q

What supports and protects the spinal cord?

A

The vertebral column

63
Q

What is continuous with the brain stem and terminates at the conus medullaris (L1)?

A

Spinal cord

64
Q 
The spinal cord is made up of 31 spinal segments and associated pairs of spinal nerves. Name them:
C
T
L
S
C
A 
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal
65
Q

What are the 3 meninges that cover the spinal cord?

A

Same as brain

Outer - dura mater
Middle - arachnoid mater
Inner - pia mater

66
Q

Where is the CSF found in the spinal cord?

A

Between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater/bone

67
Q

Where do we take CSF from to test for meningitis?

A

The dural sack. This continues on after the spine finishes

68
Q

What level is a lumbar puncture performed?

A

In the dural sack once the spine has finished (below the conus medullaris and the cauda equina)

69
Q

What is the conus medullaris?

A

The tapered, lower end of the spinal cord

70
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A

the nerve roots where the spinal cord terminates

71
Q

In what part of the spinal cord do neurones travel?

A

White matter

72
Q

Where are the nerve cell bodies in the spinal cord?

A

Grey matter

Anatomy & Physiology (14 decks)

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