The Respiratory System Flashcards
Define ventilation
movement of air in and out of the lungs
Parts of the upper resp. system (4)
nose
nasal cavity
paranasal sinus
pharynx
which area of resp. system is:
* passageway for air and food
* houses tonsils
* resonating chamber for speech sounds
pharyx
short passageway which connects laryngopharynx to trachea
larynx
the trachea splits into left and right bronchi at the ____ border of the ____ thoracic vertebrae
superior, 5th
trachea is made of ___
horizontal rings of C shaped hyaline cartilage
bronchi is made of __ rings of cartilage
incomplete
secondary bronchi is called
lobar
which bronchi is wider, straighter and shorter? why?
right
presence of liver (and heart)
right lung has _ lobes
left lung has _ lobes
right: 3
left: 2
type of membrane covering lungs
serous double layered membrane
two types of pleura in serous double layered membrane
parietal
visceral
pleura lining the thoracic cavity
parietal
pleura covering lung surface
visceral
what’s the pleural cavity
what does it contain
space in between pleurae, contains lubricating fluid
alveolus is lined with which type of epithelial cell
simple squamous
alveolar secrete ____
alveolar fluid
respiratory membrane is formed by (2)
alveolar
capillary walls
lungs secrete fluid when ill. this can be trouble because…. (2)
- it can build up in alveolar sacks
- resulting in inadequate gas exchange
Function of pleural membrane
keeps lungs flexible
function of intercostal muscles
moves ribs during breathing
function of epiglottis
keeps food from entering airways
function of larynx
letting air pass through speech production
function of pulmonary artery
Takes deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs
function of superior vena cava
Takes deoxygenated blood to heart from upper body
function of the inferior vena cava
Takes deoxygenated blood to heart from lower body
function of pulmonary veins
take oxygenated blood from lungs to heart
valve separating right a&v
tricuspid
valve separating right ventricle and pulmonary artery
pulmonary valve
valve separating left a&v
mitral
valve separating left ventricle and aorta
aortic
function of the aorta
takes oxygenated blood from heart to body
pulmonary vs systemic circuit
pulmonary = lungs
systemic = rest of body
external respiration is
Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between alveoli and blood in the respiratory capillaries
What is Dalton’s law?
P1 + P2 + P3 = P total
Henry’s law
The amount of oxygen that dissolves into the bloodstream is directly proportional to the partial pressure of oxygen in alveolar air
Internal respiration
exchange of O2 and CO2 between blood in the systemic circulation
boyles law
P1V1 = P2V2
define diaphragm
sheet of muscle separating thorax and abdomen
diaphragm is supplied by ___ nerve (C???)
phrenic
C3, 4 and 5
injury to C3-5 can cause difficulty ___
breathing
use of shoulders, stomach, neck to breathe is called using ____
accessory mucsles
intercostal recession is caused by ___
use of accessory muscles
function of intercostal muscles
stiffen chest wall to prevent sucking in of wall
3 factors affecting ventilation
- compliance of lungs
- surface tensions on alveolar fluid
- airway resistance
what is ‘compliance of the lungs’
the ease with which the lungs can inflate
compliance of lungs can be affected by (2)
elastic fibres in tissues
surface tension of alveolar fluid
what is the tidal volume (TV)
air into lungs with each breath » around 500ml
anatomical dead space def.
air in conducting passages that doesn’t participate in gas exchange
alveolar ventilation formulae
resp. rate x (tidal volume - anatomical dead space)
resp. rate and heart rate synchronisation is called
ventilation/perfusion coupling
why is ventilation/perfusion coupling important
ventilation should be matched to volume of blood perfusing the capillaries
what is physiological dead space in respiration
where ventilation and perfusion rate don’t match and is inefficient
external respiration is efficient because (5)
- high difference in partial pressure of gases
- small diffusion distance
- large surface area
- gases are lipid soluble
- ventilation well matched to perfusion
How many haem groups in a haemolgobin?
4
How many oxygens can each haem bind to?
1
When is haemoglobin fully saturated
When all 4 haem groups have bound to O2
when one O2 binds to one haem ring the structure changes to ___ the probability of binding with other sites
increase
as soon as a fully saturated molecule loses one of its O2 molecules probability of losing a second molecule is ___
increased
in the systemic circuit only about __% of HbO2 is unloaded to tissues
25
is there O2 in venous blood?
yes, the venous reserve
how much CO2 is produced per minute from metabolising tissues
200ml
What is stagnant hypoxia
circulation of blood through tissues is impaired
example of stagnant hypoxia
heart failure
what is hypoxic hypoxia
insufficient inspired oxygen
example of hypoxic hypoxia
altitude sickness, pulmonary diseases
what is anaemic hypoxia
too few red blood cells
example of anaemic hypoxia
anemia, haemorrhage, abnormal Hb
what is histotoxic hypoxia
internal/cellular respiration enzymes are poisoned
example of histotoxic hypoxia
cyanide poisoning, heavy exercise
what is ischemic hypoxia
inadequate blood flow to a tissue
example of ischemic hypoxia
trauma, disease, open fracture, blood clot
What are the 3 areas of the respiratory centre in the brain?
- Pneumotaxic area
- Apneustic area
- Medulla rhythmicity area
Location and function of pneumotaxic area
- In the pons
- Inhibitory effects to stop prolonged inhilation
Location and function of apneustic area
- lower pons
- prolongs inhalation
location and function of medulla rhythmicity area
- in medulla oblongata
- controls basic breathing rhythm and rate
Why can trauma to back of head compromise breathing?
Respiratory centre is located there
4 types of respiratory regulation
- voluntary
- chemoreceptor
- proprioceptor
- inflation reflex
How does a chemoreceptor regulate respiration
responds to chemical changes in the partial pressures of CO2 and H+ concentrations
How does a proprioceptor regulate respiration
monitors muscle movements and responds
What does the inflation reflex do?
stops over-inflation of the lungs
What is respiratory acidosis (3)
- reduced resp. rate increases CO2 conc
- leads to increased H+
- makes blood more acidic
What is respiratory alkalosis
- increased resp rate decreases CO2 conc
- decreased H+ conc.
- alkaline blood
Potential causes of resp. acidosis
head injury, asthasma, COPD
Potential causes of resp. alkalosis
pain, emotions
What is metabolic acidosis
- amount of HCO3- decreased
- or H+ levels increased
- blood acidic
Potential causes of metabolic acidosis
increased lost of HCO3- from kidneys, failure of kidneys to excrete H+ ions
What is metabolic alkalosis
- amount of HCO3- increases or H+ decreased
- blood alkaline
potential causes of metabolic alkalosis
sodium bicarbonate overdose, prolonged vomiting (loss of stomach acid)
What is respiratory compensation
resp. rates change to help alter pH levels
