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PARA4012: Anatomy and Physiology > The Respiratory System > Flashcards

The Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Define ventilation

A

movement of air in and out of the lungs

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2
Q

Parts of the upper resp. system (4)

A

nose
nasal cavity
paranasal sinus
pharynx

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3
Q

which area of resp. system is:
* passageway for air and food
* houses tonsils
* resonating chamber for speech sounds

A

pharyx

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4
Q

short passageway which connects laryngopharynx to trachea

A

larynx

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5
Q

the trachea splits into left and right bronchi at the ____ border of the ____ thoracic vertebrae

A

superior, 5th

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6
Q

trachea is made of ___

A

horizontal rings of C shaped hyaline cartilage

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7
Q

bronchi is made of __ rings of cartilage

A

incomplete

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8
Q

secondary bronchi is called

A

lobar

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9
Q

which bronchi is wider, straighter and shorter? why?

A

right
presence of liver (and heart)

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10
Q

right lung has _ lobes
left lung has _ lobes

A

right: 3
left: 2

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11
Q

type of membrane covering lungs

A

serous double layered membrane

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12
Q

two types of pleura in serous double layered membrane

A

parietal
visceral

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13
Q

pleura lining the thoracic cavity

A

parietal

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14
Q

pleura covering lung surface

A

visceral

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15
Q

what’s the pleural cavity
what does it contain

A

space in between pleurae, contains lubricating fluid

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16
Q

alveolus is lined with which type of epithelial cell

A

simple squamous

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17
Q

alveolar secrete ____

A

alveolar fluid

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18
Q

respiratory membrane is formed by (2)

A

alveolar
capillary walls

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19
Q

lungs secrete fluid when ill. this can be trouble because…. (2)

A
  • it can build up in alveolar sacks
  • resulting in inadequate gas exchange
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20
Q

Function of pleural membrane

A

keeps lungs flexible

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21
Q

function of intercostal muscles

A

moves ribs during breathing

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22
Q

function of epiglottis

A

keeps food from entering airways

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23
Q

function of larynx

A

letting air pass through speech production

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24
Q

function of pulmonary artery

A

Takes deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs

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25
Q

function of superior vena cava

A

Takes deoxygenated blood to heart from upper body

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26
Q

function of the inferior vena cava

A

Takes deoxygenated blood to heart from lower body

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27
Q

function of pulmonary veins

A

take oxygenated blood from lungs to heart

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28
Q

valve separating right a&v

A

tricuspid

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29
Q

valve separating right ventricle and pulmonary artery

A

pulmonary valve

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30
Q

valve separating left a&v

A

mitral

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31
Q

valve separating left ventricle and aorta

A

aortic

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32
Q

function of the aorta

A

takes oxygenated blood from heart to body

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33
Q

pulmonary vs systemic circuit

A

pulmonary = lungs
systemic = rest of body

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34
Q

external respiration is

A

Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between alveoli and blood in the respiratory capillaries

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35
Q

What is Dalton’s law?

A

P1 + P2 + P3 = P total

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36
Q

Henry’s law

A

The amount of oxygen that dissolves into the bloodstream is directly proportional to the partial pressure of oxygen in alveolar air

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37
Q

Internal respiration

A

exchange of O2 and CO2 between blood in the systemic circulation

38
Q

boyles law

A

P1V1 = P2V2

39
Q

define diaphragm

A

sheet of muscle separating thorax and abdomen

40
Q

diaphragm is supplied by ___ nerve (C???)

A

phrenic
C3, 4 and 5

41
Q

injury to C3-5 can cause difficulty ___

A

breathing

42
Q

use of shoulders, stomach, neck to breathe is called using ____

A

accessory mucsles

43
Q

intercostal recession is caused by ___

A

use of accessory muscles

44
Q

function of intercostal muscles

A

stiffen chest wall to prevent sucking in of wall

45
Q

3 factors affecting ventilation

A
  • compliance of lungs
  • surface tensions on alveolar fluid
  • airway resistance
46
Q

what is ‘compliance of the lungs’

A

the ease with which the lungs can inflate

47
Q

compliance of lungs can be affected by (2)

A

elastic fibres in tissues
surface tension of alveolar fluid

48
Q

what is the tidal volume (TV)

A

air into lungs with each breath » around 500ml

49
Q

anatomical dead space def.

A

air in conducting passages that doesn’t participate in gas exchange

50
Q

alveolar ventilation formulae

A

resp. rate x (tidal volume - anatomical dead space)

51
Q

resp. rate and heart rate synchronisation is called

A

ventilation/perfusion coupling

52
Q

why is ventilation/perfusion coupling important

A

ventilation should be matched to volume of blood perfusing the capillaries

53
Q

what is physiological dead space in respiration

A

where ventilation and perfusion rate don’t match and is inefficient

54
Q

external respiration is efficient because (5)

A
  1. high difference in partial pressure of gases
  2. small diffusion distance
  3. large surface area
  4. gases are lipid soluble
  5. ventilation well matched to perfusion
55
Q

How many haem groups in a haemolgobin?

A

4

56
Q

How many oxygens can each haem bind to?

A

1

57
Q

When is haemoglobin fully saturated

A

When all 4 haem groups have bound to O2

58
Q

when one O2 binds to one haem ring the structure changes to ___ the probability of binding with other sites

A

increase

59
Q

as soon as a fully saturated molecule loses one of its O2 molecules probability of losing a second molecule is ___

A

increased

60
Q

in the systemic circuit only about __% of HbO2 is unloaded to tissues

A

25

61
Q

is there O2 in venous blood?

A

yes, the venous reserve

62
Q

how much CO2 is produced per minute from metabolising tissues

A

200ml

63
Q

What is stagnant hypoxia

A

circulation of blood through tissues is impaired

64
Q

example of stagnant hypoxia

A

heart failure

65
Q

what is hypoxic hypoxia

A

insufficient inspired oxygen

66
Q

example of hypoxic hypoxia

A

altitude sickness, pulmonary diseases

67
Q

what is anaemic hypoxia

A

too few red blood cells

68
Q

example of anaemic hypoxia

A

anemia, haemorrhage, abnormal Hb

69
Q

what is histotoxic hypoxia

A

internal/cellular respiration enzymes are poisoned

70
Q

example of histotoxic hypoxia

A

cyanide poisoning, heavy exercise

71
Q

what is ischemic hypoxia

A

inadequate blood flow to a tissue

72
Q

example of ischemic hypoxia

A

trauma, disease, open fracture, blood clot

73
Q

What are the 3 areas of the respiratory centre in the brain?

A
  1. Pneumotaxic area
  2. Apneustic area
  3. Medulla rhythmicity area
74
Q

Location and function of pneumotaxic area

A
  • In the pons
  • Inhibitory effects to stop prolonged inhilation
75
Q

Location and function of apneustic area

A
  • lower pons
  • prolongs inhalation
76
Q

location and function of medulla rhythmicity area

A
  • in medulla oblongata
  • controls basic breathing rhythm and rate
77
Q

Why can trauma to back of head compromise breathing?

A

Respiratory centre is located there

78
Q

4 types of respiratory regulation

A
  1. voluntary
  2. chemoreceptor
  3. proprioceptor
  4. inflation reflex
79
Q

How does a chemoreceptor regulate respiration

A

responds to chemical changes in the partial pressures of CO2 and H+ concentrations

80
Q

How does a proprioceptor regulate respiration

A

monitors muscle movements and responds

81
Q

What does the inflation reflex do?

A

stops over-inflation of the lungs

82
Q

What is respiratory acidosis (3)

A
  • reduced resp. rate increases CO2 conc
  • leads to increased H+
  • makes blood more acidic
83
Q

What is respiratory alkalosis

A
  • increased resp rate decreases CO2 conc
  • decreased H+ conc.
  • alkaline blood
84
Q

Potential causes of resp. acidosis

A

head injury, asthasma, COPD

85
Q

Potential causes of resp. alkalosis

A

pain, emotions

86
Q

What is metabolic acidosis

A
  • amount of HCO3- decreased
  • or H+ levels increased
  • blood acidic
87
Q

Potential causes of metabolic acidosis

A

increased lost of HCO3- from kidneys, failure of kidneys to excrete H+ ions

88
Q

What is metabolic alkalosis

A
  • amount of HCO3- increases or H+ decreased
  • blood alkaline
89
Q

potential causes of metabolic alkalosis

A

sodium bicarbonate overdose, prolonged vomiting (loss of stomach acid)

90
Q

What is respiratory compensation

A

resp. rates change to help alter pH levels

PARA4012: Anatomy and Physiology (10 decks)

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