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PARA4012: Anatomy and Physiology > The Endocrine System > Flashcards

The Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 7 main glands of the endocrine system?

A
  1. Pituitary
  2. Thyroid
  3. Parathyroid
  4. Adrenal
  5. Pancreas
  6. Ovaries
  7. Testicles
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2
Q

Which 4 organs have secondary endocrine functions?

A
  1. Kidney
  2. Liver
  3. Heart
  4. Gonads
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3
Q

Describe the location and structure of the hypophysis (pituitary gland)

A
  • Size of pea, base of brain
  • Two lobes (anterior and posterior)
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4
Q

What controls the pituitary gland?

A

The hypothalamus (in brain)

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5
Q

How is the pituitary gland and hypothalamus connected?

A

Via the hypophyseal portal system

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6
Q

The pituitary gland coordinates signals between _____ and ______ glands

A

hypothalamus
endocrine

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7
Q

The anterior pituitary glands contains which 2 types of cell?

A
  1. Adicophil Cells (grows well in acidic environment)
  2. Basiphil Cells (type of white blood cell)
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8
Q

What are the two acidophil cells found in the anterior pituitary gland and what hormones do they produce?

A
  1. Somatotrophs -> growth hormones
  2. Lactotrophs -> prolactin
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9
Q

What are the three basophil cells found in the anterior pituitary gland and what hormones do they produce?

A
  1. Thyrotrophs -> thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
  2. Gonadotrophs -> luteinizing hormone (LT) + follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
  3. Corticotrophs -> adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
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10
Q

What is the function of the posterior pituitary gland

A
  • Stores and secretes two hormones made in the hypothalamus
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11
Q

Which 2 hormones does the posterior pituitary gland store and secrete?

A
  1. Vasopressin
  2. Oxytocin
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12
Q

What is vasopressin?

A

An anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) that controls water balance

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13
Q

What effect does oxytocin have?

A
  • uterine contraction at birth
  • let-down reflex for breast feeding
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14
Q

What is the intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland?

A
  • Thin layer of cells between ant. and post. lobes
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15
Q

What is the function of the intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland?

A

Produces melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
Which regulates skin and hair pigment

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16
Q

Describe the structure of the thyroid gland

A
  • H-shaped gland in front of neck, below larynx
  • Left and right lobes lie either side of trachea
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17
Q

Which two hormones does the thyroid gland produce?

A
  1. Thyroxine (T4)
  2. Triiodothyronine (T3)
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18
Q

What is thyroxine (T4) and how is it processed in the body?

A
  • biologically active hormone which influences cell and tissue activity
  • turned into T3 in body
19
Q

What are the parathyroid gland?

A

Four pea sized glands behind thyroid gland in neck

20
Q

Which hormone does the parathyroid gland produce?

A

Parathyroid hormone

21
Q

What is the function of the parathyroid hormone?

A

Regulate calcium levels in blood

22
Q

If the body senses low levels of calcium or vit-D in the blood, what will happen?

A
  1. Parathyroid is secreted by the parathyroid gland
  2. This causes release of calcium from bones into blood
  3. And causes kidneys to stop losing calcium in urine, and increase vit D metabolism
23
Q

Where are the adrenal glands located?

A

One on top of each kidney

24
Q

What is the structure of the adrenal glands? (2)

A
  • Outer adrenal cortex
  • Inner adrenal medulla
25
Q

Which 3 types of hormone do the adrenal glands secrete?

A
  1. Mineralocorticoids
  2. Glucocorticoids
  3. Adrenal androgens
26
Q

What is the most important mineralcorticoid and what’s it’s function?

A
  • Aldosterone
  • maintains salt and water levels (regulating blood pressure)
27
Q

What is the most important glucocorticoid?

A

Cortisol

28
Q

What are the 3 functions of cortisol?

A
  1. response to illness and metabolism regulation
  2. stimulates glucose production (frees up fat and muscle)
  3. anti-inflammatory effects
29
Q

What are adrenal androgens?

A

Male sex hormones

30
Q

What are the two main adrenal androgens?

A
  1. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
  2. Testosterone
31
Q

What are the 2 main functions of DHEA and testosterone in early life?

A
  • Development of male sex organs
  • Female body hair in puberty
32
Q

What 3 effects does adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) hormone have?

A

Affects release of:
glucocorticoids
adrenal androgens
aldosterone

33
Q

Which type of hormone does the adrenal medulla produce?

A

Catecholamines

34
Q

What are the 3 catecholamines produced by the adrenal medulla?

A
  1. Epinephrine
  2. Noradrenaline
  3. Dopamine
35
Q

What are catecholamines responsible for?

A

Physiological stress response characteristics

36
Q

The pancreas is part of which 2 systems?

A

Endocrine
Digestive

37
Q

What 2 hormones are produced by islet cells in the pancreas?

A
  1. Insulin
  2. Glucagon
38
Q

In response to high BG, beta-cells produce:

A

Insulin

39
Q

What effect does insulin have?

A

Charges permeability of cell membranes to allow glucose to enter cells

40
Q

In response to low BG, alpha-cells produce:

A

Glucagon

41
Q

What is the function of glucagon?

A

Causes liver to release stored glucose into blood

42
Q

Where is gastrin produced and what’s it’s function?

A
  • Stomach
  • Starts acid production by stomach
43
Q

Where is enterogastrone produced and what’s it’s function?

A
  • Small intestine
  • Longer emptying time for stomach after high fat meal
44
Q

What does secretin do?

A

Triggers release of digestive enzymes from pancreas

PARA4012: Anatomy and Physiology (10 decks)

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