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para4012: anatomy and physiology > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Describe tunica externa

A

loose fibrous connective tissue, outer layer of vessel

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2
Q

describe the tunica media

A

layer of smooth muscle, 2 outmost layer

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3
Q

tunica intima

A

endothelial cells, innermost layer

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4
Q

Which type of artery delivers to specific organs

A

Muscular arteries

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5
Q

which type of artery is found nearest the heart?

A

elastic arteries

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6
Q

which type of artery is more active in vasoconstriction

A

muscular arteries

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7
Q

Describe the structure of arterioles

A

Single layer of spiralling smooth muscle

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8
Q

How to arterioles react in response to e.g. cold or shock

A

Can constrict so blood flow bypasses tissues

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9
Q

What are the two types of capillaries?

A

Fenestrated and continuous

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10
Q

Why type of capillary is least permeable?

A

Continuous

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11
Q

Where are continuous capillaries found?

A

Brain, lungs and muscles

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12
Q

What is the difference between fenestrated and continuous capillaries?

A

Fenestrated are ‘leakier’ - small pores and small gaps between cells - allow for exchange of larger molecules

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13
Q

What are the 3 layers of blood vessels?

A
  • tunica externa/adventitia
  • tunica media
    -tunica intima
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13
Q

How many layers are veins made of?

A

three

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13
Q

Do arteries of veins have more smooth muscle/elastin?

A

Arteries have more

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13
Q

What are venules?

A

The smallest, post-capillary blood vessels

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14
Q

What percentage of blood is kept as reserve in veins?

A

65%

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14
Q

Why are there more venous valves in the lower limbs?

A

to stop blood flowing backwards

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14
Q

Are venules porous?

A

Yes, very

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15
Q

What are venous sinuses

A

Group of sinuses that drains venous blood circulating from cranial cavity

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16
Q

What is the venous return

A

the volume of blood flowing back to heart through veins

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17
Q

3 things that venous return is affected by?

A
  1. pumping of the heart
  2. skeletal muscle pump
  3. respiratory pump
18
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

the fibrous sack surrounding heart

19
Q

Describe 4 functions of the pericardium

A
  1. lubricated moving surfaces
  2. prevents ventricles over-expanding
  3. holds heart in position
  4. forms a barrier to prevent the spread of infections/cancer cells
20
Q

What is pericarditis

A

Inflammation of pericardial sac

21
Q

What is pericardial effusion

A

Build up of fluid in the sack

22
Q

What is pericardial tamponade

A

Fluid build up in the sac causing problems with heart function

23
Q

What is myocardium? What is it made of?

A

The muscle of the heart, made up of myocytes

24
Q

Describe the 4 properties of the myocardium

A
  1. automaticity
  2. excitability
  3. conductivity
  4. contractability
25
Q

What is automaticity?

A

The ability to initiate a response spontaneously

26
Q

What is excitability?

A

The ability to respond to a stimulus

27
Q

What is conductivity?

A

The ability to transmit an impulse from one cell to another

28
Q

What is contractibility?

A

The ability to contract after an electrical stimulus

29
Q

At what rate does the SA node conduct?

A

60-100BPM

30
Q

At what does the AV junction conduct? Why would it do this?

A

40-60BPM. If the SA node stopped working

31
Q

At what rate do the ventricular pacemaker cells conduct? Why would they do this?

A

<30-40 BPM. If SA node and AV junc. stop working

32
Q

Describe the endocardium

A

lining of heart and valves. smooth membrane made up of flattened epithelial cells continuous with that of blood vessels

33
Q

Why is the left ventricle thicker?

A

Forces oxygenated blood into aorta and through arterial system

34
Q

Where is the pulmonary valve?

A

Between right ventricle and pulmonary artery

35
Q

Where is the tricuspid valve?

A

Between right atrium and ventricle

36
Q

Where is mitral valve?

A

Between left atrium and ventricle

37
Q

Where is aortic valve?

A

Between left ventricle and aorta

38
Q

Where does myocardium get it’s blood supply?

A

From coronary arteries

39
Q

What is the function of coronary veins?

A

Return de-oxygenated blood from myocardium back into right atrium

40
Q

What are the 3 stages of the cardiac cycle?

A
  • Atrial and ventricular diastole
  • Atrial systole
  • Ventricular systole
41
Q

What is the cardiac output?

A

amount of blood pumped by heart in 1 minute

42
Q

How do you calculate cardiac output?

A

Heart rate x stoke volume

43
Q

Define stroke volume

A

volume of blood pumped out of left ventricle during each systolic cardiac contraction

44
Q

Approximate adult male and female cardiac outputs:

A

male at rest: 5.5L/min
female: 5L/min

45
Q

Define preload

A

stretch of myocardium of ventricles at the end of diastole

46
Q

Define afterload

A

the amount of resistance that the left ventricle must overcome to circulate blood

47
Q

What may afterload be affected by?

A

cold, stress, hyperventilation

48
Q

Define contractility

A

the strength of the contraction of the myocardium

49
Q

Identify two things that may affect contractility

A

Heart failure, ischaemia

para4012: anatomy and physiology (10 decks)

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