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PARA4012: Anatomy and Physiology > Levels of Organisation > Flashcards

Levels of Organisation Flashcards

1
Q

Define element

A

a substance which cannot be broken down into a simpler substance by ordinary chemical means

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2
Q

Define atom

A

the smallest particle of an element which retains its properties and characteristics

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3
Q

Define ion

A

an atom which is positively or negatively charged through the loss or gain of electrons

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4
Q

Define compound

A

a substance which contains atoms of two or more elements

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5
Q

What are organic compounds? How are they usually bonded?

A

Compounds with a carbon backbone.
Covalently

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6
Q

Organic compounds include: (4)

A

DNA, lipids, proteins, carbohydrates

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7
Q

Describe the generalised human cell (4)

A
  • smallest structural unit of an organism
  • capable of independent functioning
  • consisting of one or more nuclei, cytoplasm, and various organelles
  • all surrounded by a semi permeable cell membrane.
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8
Q

Describe the cell membrane (2)

A
  • retains all of it’s internal structures
  • allows certain materials to import or export in and out of the cell.
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9
Q

Describe the nucleus (3)

A
  • a mass that is largely made up of RNA (Ribonucleic acid)
  • controls cell growth, metabolism and reproduction
  • contains chromosomes that control cellular activity and directs protein synthesis
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10
Q

Describe the cytoplasm

A

the substance that contains cell organelles but does not include the nucleus

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11
Q

Describe mitochondria (2)

A
  • threadlike structures
  • make adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
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12
Q

Describe ribosomes (2)

A
  • site of protein synthesis
  • responsible for assembling the proteins of the cell
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13
Q

What is the fucntion of the smooth ER?

A

produce enzymes that synthesise lipids

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14
Q

Describe rough ER (2)

A
  • covered with ribosomes
  • produces certain proteins
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15
Q

Describe function of golgi apparatus (3)

A
  • produces carbohydrate molecules
  • that combine with other molecules to form secretory products such as lipoproteins
  • which allow fats to move through the water inside and outside cells
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16
Q

describe lysosomes (2)

A
  • digestive bodies
  • that break down foreign or damaged materials in cells
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17
Q

What are the functions of a cell? (7)

A
  • Utilise food, water and oxygen to make energy
  • Synthesise new substances
  • Grow and divide
  • Produce and secrete specialised substances
  • Differentiate to perform specialised tasks
  • Undergo movement
  • Die (apoptosis)
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18
Q

cell splits and 2 identical cells are made

A

Mitosis

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19
Q

exclusively for sex cells, produces cells with half the genetic information

A

Meiosis

20
Q

When do cells begin to specialise?

A

during embryonic development

21
Q

4 main types of tissue

A
  • epithelial
  • connective
  • muscle
  • nervous
22
Q

4 types of epithelial tissue

A
  • simple squamous
  • simple cuboidal
  • simple ciliated columnar
  • simple non-ciliated columnar
23
Q

Description, location and function of simple squamous cells

A
  • simple later of irregular flattened cells
  • heart, blood vessels and alveoli
  • primary function is to allow diffusion
24
Q

Description, location and function of simple cuboidal tissue

A
  • single layer of cube shaped cells
  • surface of ovary, eye, kidneys, GI tract
  • primary functions are secretion and absorption
25
Q

Description, location and function of simple ciliated tissue

A
  • single layer of rectangular cells, contains goblet cells and microvilli in some locations
  • upper respiratory tract, fallopian tubes and central canal of spinal cord
  • move fluid or particles along passageways via ciliary action
26
Q

Description and location of simple non-ciliated tissue

A
  • single layer of rectangular cells
  • lines GI tract from stomach to anus
27
Q

What are the 2 types of muscle cell?

A

Smooth and muscle

28
Q

Which type of muscle cell cannot be controlled by will

A

smooth

29
Q

where do you find smooth muscle tissue

A

found in walls of hollow structures (stomach, heart, airways)

30
Q

which type of muscle cells produce slow and sustained contraction

A

smooth e.g. heartbeat

31
Q

where do you find skeletal muscle cells

A

attached to bone

32
Q

skeletal muscle is made up of smaller bundles called ____

A

fascicles

33
Q

which type of muscle tissue is voluntary

A

skeletal

34
Q

fasciles are made up of individual muscle cells called

A

myofibres or myocytes

35
Q

what surrounds the fascicles in skeletal muscle

A

perimysium (connective tissue sheath)

36
Q

what is the function of the endomysium

A

electrically insulates cells from eachother

37
Q

what is the endomysium

A

connective tissue sheath surrounding the enomysium

38
Q

function of nerve cell (2)

A
  • convert a stimuli into a nerve impulse
  • transmit these to other nerve cells, muscle fibres or glands
39
Q

What are the 3 main portions of a nerve cell

A
  • axon
  • cell body
  • dendrites
40
Q

function of nerve cell body

A

contains nucleus and organelles

41
Q

function of nerve cell axons

A

single long processes that conduct nerve impulses away from the cell body

42
Q

function of nerve cell dendrites

A

conduct stimuli from neighbouring cells

43
Q

what are adipocytes

A

fat cells

44
Q

where are most adipocytes found

A

under skin, supporting kidneys and eyes

45
Q

function of adipocytes

A

energy store, insulator, organ support

46
Q

define organs

A

groups of different tissues forming complex structures with a specialised function

47
Q

define system

A

groups of organs that function closely together

PARA4012: Anatomy and Physiology (10 decks)

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