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PARA4012: Anatomy and Physiology > The Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

The Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 types of bone cell?

A
  1. Osteoblasts
  2. Osteoclasts
  3. Osteocytes
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2
Q

What is the function of osteoblasts?

A

New bone formation

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3
Q

What is the function of osteoclasts?

A

Dissolution and absorption of bone

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4
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

Mature non-dividing osteoblasts embedded in mature bony tissue

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5
Q

What are the 4 main mineral/proteins that bones are made up of?

A
  1. Calcium
  2. Phosphorous
  3. Sodium
  4. Collagen
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6
Q

Which two additional cells are bones made up of?

A
  1. Soft bone marrow
  2. Stem cells
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7
Q

What is the function of stem cells within bones?

A

Produce red blood cells, platelets and some white blood cells

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8
Q

What is the shaft connecting two end of a long bones called?

A

Diaphysis

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9
Q

What is contained within the medullary cavity?

A

Yellow bone marrow

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10
Q

What is the internal hollow region of a long bone called?

A

Medullary cavity

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11
Q

What is the name of the membrane internally lining the medullary cavity?

A

Endosteum

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12
Q

What are the two extremities of a long bone called?

A

Epiphyses

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13
Q

What are the epiphyses composed of?

A

Cancellous bone filled with red bone marrow

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14
Q

Where is articular cartilage found on long bones?

A

Covering the epiphyses

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15
Q

What is the metaphysis of a long bone?

A

Where the diaphysis and epiphysis connect

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16
Q

What is the name of the growth plate in long bones?

A

Epiphyseal plate

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17
Q

What is the epiphyseal plate composed of?

A

A layer of hyaline cartilage

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18
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

A fibrous membrane that covers the outer surface of a long bone

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19
Q

The outer shell of a long bone is made up of ____/____ bone

A

Cortical/compact

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20
Q

2 characteristics of compact bone

A
  1. Solid, strong, hard
  2. Contains holes and channels carrying blood vessels and nerves to inner parts
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21
Q

2 characteristics of cancellous bone:

A
  1. Spongy, mesh like network
  2. Filled with red and yellow marrow
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22
Q

What are the 6 functions of the skeleton?

A
  1. Support
  2. Protection
  3. Movement
  4. Mineral homeostasis (Ca and Ph)
  5. Blood cell production
  6. Fat storage
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23
Q

What are the 3 types of joints?

A
  1. Fibrous
  2. Cartilaginous
  3. Synovial
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24
Q

What are immovable joints called?

A

Synarthrosis

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25
Q

What are semi-movable joints called?

A

Amphiarthrosis

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26
Q

What are freely moving joints called?

A

Diarthrosis

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27
Q

What are fibrous joints characterized by?

A

Bones united by collagen fibers

28
Q

What are cartilaginous joints characterized by?

A

Bone ends united by cartilage

29
Q

What are synovial joints characterized by?

A

Bones ends covered with articular cartilage and enclosed within a capsule lined with a synovial membrane

30
Q

What are the 3 types of fibrous joints?

A
  1. Suture (e.g. skull)
  2. Syndesmosis (e.g. distal tibia and fibula)
  3. Gomphosis (e.g. teeth)
31
Q

What are the 2 types of cartilaginous joint?

A
  1. Synchondrosis (e.g. vertebrosternal ribs)
  2. Symphysis (e.g. between 2 pubic bones of pelvis)
32
Q

What are the 6 types of synovial joint?

A
  1. Gliding (e.g. intercarpal joints)
  2. Hinge (e.g. elbow joint)
  3. Pivot (e.g. atlantoaxial joint)
  4. Ellipsoidal (e.g wrist)
  5. Saddle (e.g. base of thumb)
  6. Ball and Socket (e.g hip)
33
Q

What are the 5 classifications of bone?

A
  1. Long
  2. Short
  3. Flat
  4. Irregular
  5. Sesamoid
34
Q

Appearance, function and example of a short bone?

A
  • Cube-shaped
  • Multi directional motion
  • e.g. carpal bones
35
Q

Appearance, function and example of a flat bone?

A
  • Thin and flat
  • Protection to soft tissues beneath
  • e.g. sternum, ribs
36
Q

Appearance, function and example of irregular bones?

A
  • complicated shapes
  • mechanical support, spinal cord protection
  • e.g. facial bones
37
Q

Appearance and example of sesamoid bones?

A
  • small, flat, sesame seed shaped
  • patella
38
Q

The axial skeleton consists of (4):

A
  1. Skull
  2. Vertebral column
  3. Ribs
  4. Sternum
39
Q

The 8 cranial bones are:

A
  1. Frontal
  2. Sphenoid
  3. Ethmoid
  4. Parietal x2
  5. Temporal x2
  6. Occipital
40
Q

How many true, false and floating ribs are there?

A

7 true
3 false
2 floating

41
Q

What is the difference between true, false and floating ribs?

A

True: attached to sternum by costal cartilage
False: costal cartilage connects to cartilage above them
Floating: cartilage ends in muscle in abdominal wall

42
Q

The sternum is composed of 3 parts:

A
  1. Manubrium
  2. Body of sternum
  3. Xiphoid process
43
Q

How many of each vertebrae are there?

A

Cervical: 7
Thoracic: 12
Lumbar: 5
Sacrum: 5 fused
Coccyx: 4 fused

44
Q

What does the appendicular skeleton consist of? (4)

A
  1. Shoulder girdle
  2. Upper limbs
  3. Pelvic girdle
  4. Lower libs
45
Q

What are the 7 types of fractures?

A
  1. Transverse
  2. Linear
  3. Oblique non-displaced
  4. Oblique displaced
  5. Spiral
  6. Greenstick
  7. Comminuted
46
Q

What is a greenstick fracture?

A

Bones bending instead of snapping

47
Q

What are the 4 stages of bone repair?

A
  1. Hematoma formation
  2. Granulation tissue formation
  3. Bony callus formation
  4. Bone remodeling
48
Q

What is a strain?

A

Damage to tendons

49
Q

What do tendons connect?

A

Muscle to bone

50
Q

What is a sprain?

A

Damage to ligament

51
Q

What do ligaments connect?

A

Bone to bone

52
Q

What are the 4 functions of muscles:

A
  1. Producing movement
  2. Stabilizing body positions
  3. Storing and moving substances
  4. Generating heat (thermogenesis)
53
Q

What are the 4 properties of muscles?

A
  1. Electrical excitability
  2. Contractibililty
  3. Extensibility
  4. Elasticity
54
Q

3 properties of skeletal muscle:

A
  1. Attached to bone
  2. Striated
  3. Tire easily
55
Q

3 properties of smooth muscle:

A
  1. Non under conscious control
  2. Non-striated
  3. Don’t tire easily
56
Q

What are the 3 layers of muscle from outer to inner most?

A
  1. Epimysium
  2. Perimysium
  3. Endomysium
57
Q

Describe the epimysium of a muscle?

A

Outermost layer of dense irregular connective tissue surrounding entire muscle

58
Q

Describe the perimysium of a muscle?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue encircling bundles of muscle fibres

59
Q

What are fascicles?

A

Bundles of muscle fibers separated encircled by perimysiums

60
Q

What is the endomysium of a muscle?

A

Separated individual muscle fibers within each fascicle

61
Q

What are the 3 types of protein making up myofibrils?

A
  1. Contractile
  2. Regulatory
  3. Structural
62
Q

Function and structure of contractile protein

A

Myosin and actin filaments
Contract to generate force

63
Q

Function and structure of regulatory proteins

A

Help to regulate muscle contractions
Use troponin and tropomyosin

64
Q

What is the function of structural proteins in muscle? (3)

A
  1. Proper alignment
  2. Myofibril elasticity
  3. Linkage to sarcolemma and extra-cellular matrix
65
Q

What is myoglobin?

A

Red protein which binds to oxygen for release when needed

PARA4012: Anatomy and Physiology (10 decks)

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