The Musculoskeletal System

Question 1

What are the 3 types of bone cell?

Answer 1

1. Osteoblasts
2. Osteoclasts
3. Osteocytes

Question 2

What is the function of osteoblasts?

Answer 2

New bone formation

Question 3

What is the function of osteoclasts?

Answer 3

Dissolution and absorption of bone

Question 4

What are osteocytes?

Answer 4

Mature non-dividing osteoblasts embedded in mature bony tissue

Question 5

What are the 4 main mineral/proteins that bones are made up of?

Answer 5

1. Calcium
2. Phosphorous
3. Sodium
4. Collagen

Question 6

Which two additional cells are bones made up of?

Answer 6

1. Soft bone marrow
2. Stem cells

Question 7

What is the function of stem cells within bones?

Answer 7

Produce red blood cells, platelets and some white blood cells

Question 8

What is the shaft connecting two end of a long bones called?

Answer 8

Diaphysis

Question 9

What is contained within the medullary cavity?

Answer 9

Yellow bone marrow

Question 10

What is the internal hollow region of a long bone called?

Answer 10

Medullary cavity

Question 11

What is the name of the membrane internally lining the medullary cavity?

Answer 11

Endosteum

Question 12

What are the two extremities of a long bone called?

Answer 12

Epiphyses

Question 13

What are the epiphyses composed of?

Answer 13

Cancellous bone filled with red bone marrow

Question 14

Where is articular cartilage found on long bones?

Answer 14

Covering the epiphyses

Question 15

What is the metaphysis of a long bone?

Answer 15

Where the diaphysis and epiphysis connect

Question 16

What is the name of the growth plate in long bones?

Answer 16

Epiphyseal plate

Question 17

What is the epiphyseal plate composed of?

Answer 17

A layer of hyaline cartilage

Question 18

What is the periosteum?

Answer 18

A fibrous membrane that covers the outer surface of a long bone

Question 19

The outer shell of a long bone is made up of ____/____ bone

Answer 19

Cortical/compact

Question 20

2 characteristics of compact bone

Answer 20

1. Solid, strong, hard
2. Contains holes and channels carrying blood vessels and nerves to inner parts

Question 21

2 characteristics of cancellous bone:

Answer 21

1. Spongy, mesh like network
2. Filled with red and yellow marrow

Question 22

What are the 6 functions of the skeleton?

Answer 22

1. Support
2. Protection
3. Movement
4. Mineral homeostasis (Ca and Ph)
5. Blood cell production
6. Fat storage

Question 23

What are the 3 types of joints?

Answer 23

1. Fibrous
2. Cartilaginous
3. Synovial

Question 24

What are immovable joints called?

Answer 24

Synarthrosis

Question 25

What are semi-movable joints called?

Answer 25

Amphiarthrosis

Question 26

What are freely moving joints called?

Answer 26

Diarthrosis

Question 27

What are fibrous joints characterized by?

Answer 27

Bones united by collagen fibers

Question 28

What are cartilaginous joints characterized by?

Answer 28

Bone ends united by cartilage

Question 29

What are synovial joints characterized by?

Answer 29

Bones ends covered with articular cartilage and enclosed within a capsule lined with a synovial membrane

Question 30

What are the 3 types of fibrous joints?

Answer 30

1. Suture (e.g. skull) 2. Syndesmosis (e.g. distal tibia and fibula) 3. Gomphosis (e.g. teeth)

Question 31

What are the 2 types of cartilaginous joint?

Answer 31

1. Synchondrosis (e.g. vertebrosternal ribs) 2. Symphysis (e.g. between 2 pubic bones of pelvis)

Question 32

What are the 6 types of synovial joint?

Answer 32

1. Gliding (e.g. intercarpal joints) 2. Hinge (e.g. elbow joint) 3. Pivot (e.g. atlantoaxial joint) 4. Ellipsoidal (e.g wrist) 5. Saddle (e.g. base of thumb) 6. Ball and Socket (e.g hip)

Question 33

What are the 5 classifications of bone?

Answer 33

1. Long 2. Short 3. Flat 4. Irregular 5. Sesamoid

Question 34

Appearance, function and example of a short bone?

Answer 34

- Cube-shaped - Multi directional motion - e.g. carpal bones

Question 35

Appearance, function and example of a flat bone?

Answer 35

- Thin and flat - Protection to soft tissues beneath - e.g. sternum, ribs

Question 36

Appearance, function and example of irregular bones?

Answer 36

- complicated shapes - mechanical support, spinal cord protection - e.g. facial bones

Question 37

Appearance and example of sesamoid bones?

Answer 37

- small, flat, sesame seed shaped - patella

Question 38

The axial skeleton consists of (4):

Answer 38

1. Skull 2. Vertebral column 3. Ribs 4. Sternum

Question 39

The 8 cranial bones are:

Answer 39

1. Frontal 2. Sphenoid 3. Ethmoid 4. Parietal x2 5. Temporal x2 6. Occipital

Question 40

How many true, false and floating ribs are there?

Answer 40

7 true 3 false 2 floating

Question 41

What is the difference between true, false and floating ribs?

Answer 41

True: attached to sternum by costal cartilage False: costal cartilage connects to cartilage above them Floating: cartilage ends in muscle in abdominal wall

Question 42

The sternum is composed of 3 parts:

Answer 42

1. Manubrium 2. Body of sternum 3. Xiphoid process

Question 43

How many of each vertebrae are there?

Answer 43

Cervical: 7 Thoracic: 12 Lumbar: 5 Sacrum: 5 fused Coccyx: 4 fused

Question 44

What does the appendicular skeleton consist of? (4)

Answer 44

1. Shoulder girdle 2. Upper limbs 3. Pelvic girdle 4. Lower libs

Question 45

What are the 7 types of fractures?

Answer 45

1. Transverse 2. Linear 3. Oblique non-displaced 4. Oblique displaced 5. Spiral 6. Greenstick 7. Comminuted

Question 46

What is a greenstick fracture?

Answer 46

Bones bending instead of snapping

Question 47

What are the 4 stages of bone repair?

Answer 47

1. Hematoma formation 2. Granulation tissue formation 3. Bony callus formation 4. Bone remodeling

Question 48

What is a strain?

Answer 48

Damage to tendons

Question 49

What do tendons connect?

Answer 49

Muscle to bone

Question 50

What is a sprain?

Answer 50

Damage to ligament

Question 51

What do ligaments connect?

Answer 51

Bone to bone

Question 52

What are the 4 functions of muscles:

Answer 52

1. Producing movement 2. Stabilizing body positions 3. Storing and moving substances 4. Generating heat (thermogenesis)

Question 53

What are the 4 properties of muscles?

Answer 53

1. Electrical excitability 2. Contractibililty 3. Extensibility 4. Elasticity

Question 54

3 properties of skeletal muscle:

Answer 54

1. Attached to bone 2. Striated 3. Tire easily

Question 55

3 properties of smooth muscle:

Answer 55

1. Non under conscious control 2. Non-striated 3. Don't tire easily

Question 56

What are the 3 layers of muscle from outer to inner most?

Answer 56

1. Epimysium 2. Perimysium 3. Endomysium

Question 57

Describe the epimysium of a muscle?

Answer 57

Outermost layer of dense irregular connective tissue surrounding entire muscle

Question 58

Describe the perimysium of a muscle?

Answer 58

Dense irregular connective tissue encircling bundles of muscle fibres

Question 59

What are fascicles?

Answer 59

Bundles of muscle fibers separated encircled by perimysiums

Question 60

What is the endomysium of a muscle?

Answer 60

Separated individual muscle fibers within each fascicle

Question 61

What are the 3 types of protein making up myofibrils?

Answer 61

1. Contractile 2. Regulatory 3. Structural

Question 62

Function and structure of contractile protein

Answer 62

Myosin and actin filaments Contract to generate force

Question 63

Function and structure of regulatory proteins

Answer 63

Help to regulate muscle contractions Use troponin and tropomyosin

Question 64

What is the function of structural proteins in muscle? (3)

Answer 64

1. Proper alignment 2. Myofibril elasticity 3. Linkage to sarcolemma and extra-cellular matrix

Question 65

What is myoglobin?

Answer 65

Red protein which binds to oxygen for release when needed