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PARA4012: Anatomy and Physiology > The Digestive System > Flashcards

The Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 processes of the digestive system?

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Secretion
  3. Mixing and propulsion
  4. Digestion
  5. Absorption
  6. Defecation
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2
Q

What is ingestion

A

Taking food and liquids in through the mouth

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3
Q

What is secretion

A

the release of water, enzymes and acids into the lumen of the digestive tract

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4
Q

What is mixing and propulsion

A

the churning of food and its propulsion through the GI tract

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5
Q

what is digestion

A

the chemical and mechanical breakdown of food

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6
Q

what is absorption

A

products of digestion (vitamins, minerals, and water) cross the mucosa and enter the lymph or the blood

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7
Q

What is defecation

A

where undigested material is eliminated

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8
Q

What are the 4 layers of the GI tract:

A
  1. muscosa
  2. submucosa
  3. muscularis
  4. serosa
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9
Q

Describe the mucosa

A

inner lining of GI tract, mucous membrane

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10
Q

Describe the submucosa

A

Connective tissue binding the mucosa and muscularis (2nd innermost layer)

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11
Q

Describe the muscularis

A

smooth muscle layer, both circular and longitudinal (2nd outermost layer)

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12
Q

Describe the serosa

A

serous membrane, outermost layer

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13
Q

What is the peritoneum

A

The serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity

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14
Q

What are the layers of the peritoneum

A

Parietal (superficial) layer
Visceral (deep) layer

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15
Q

What is the difference between the parietal and visceral peritoneum?

A

Parietal lines abdominal cavity
Visceral lines some organs within the cavity

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16
Q

What are 4 names for the folds of the peritoneum?

A

Greater + lesser omentum
mesentry
colon

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16
Q

What is the greater omentum?

A

A fatty apron which hangs over the transverse colon and small intestine

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17
Q

What does retroperitoneal mean?

A

The space behind the peritoneal cavity

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18
Q

Which organs are retroperitoneal? (3)

A

Kidneys
Pancreas
Ascending/descending colon

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19
Q

Composition of saliva? (4)

A

Mucin
salivary amylase
bicarbonate
lysozyme

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20
Q

What are the 6 organs on the digestive system?

A
  1. Mouth
  2. Pharynx
  3. Oesophagus
  4. Stomach
  5. Small intestine
  6. Large intestine
21
Q

What is the function of the pharynx?

A
  • moves bolus from oropharynx to laropharynx
  • closes air passageways
22
Q

How does food path through the oesophagus?

A
  1. upper oesophageal sphincter relaxed - food enters
  2. peristalsis pushes bolus through oesophagus
  3. lower oesophageal sphincter relaxes and bolus enters stomach
23
Q

What are the 4 regions of the stomach?

A
  1. Fundus
  2. Cardiac region
  3. Body
  4. Pyloric regions
24
Q

What are the functions of the stomach (3)?

A
  1. food storage
  2. digestion
  3. regulation of delivery
25
Q

Where are parietal cells found?

A

In fundus and body of stomach

26
Q

What do parietal cells secrete?

A

Hydrochloric acid (break down food)
Intrinsic factors (needed to absorb B12)

27
Q

Which cells secrete pepsinogen?

A

Gastric chief cells

28
Q

What is the function of pepsinogen?

A

Breaks down proteins into peptides

29
Q

What is chyme?

A

Acidic fluid which passes from stomach to small intestine

30
Q

Functions of the small intestine

A
  • Neutralises stomach acid
  • Adds enzymes and bile
  • Breaks molecules into absorbable materials
31
Q

What does peristalsis in the small intestine do?

A

Mixes chyme and brings it into contact with mucosa
Moves it along intestinal tract

32
Q

Regions of the small intestine (3)

A

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

33
Q

Adaptations of mucosa in the small intestine (2)

A

Villi containing blood
Lacteal capillaries

34
Q

What are the movements of the large intestine? (3)

A
  • haustral churning
  • peristalsis
  • mass peristalsis
35
Q

What are the functions of the large intestine? (3)

A
  • Bacteria breaking down proteins and amino acid
  • Final absorption of water, vitamins and ions
  • Forming faeces
36
Q

What are the accessory organs to digestion? (3)

A
  • Pancreas
  • Liver
  • Gallbladder
37
Q

What is innervation?

A

the process of supplying nerves to an organ or part of the body

38
Q

What is the enteric nervous system?

A

Neurons and supporting cells throughout the digestive tract

39
Q

The ENS is the largest part of the ___

A

Autonomic nervous system

40
Q

The enteric nervous system consists of which plexuses (2)

A
  • Myenteric plexus
  • Submucosal plexus
41
Q

Function and structure of the myenteric plexus

A

Motor neurons located between longitudinal and circular muscle
Controls GI tract motility

42
Q

Structure and function of submucosal plexus

A

Motor nerves control secretory cells
Contains sensory nerves (chemoreceptors and stretch receptors)

43
Q

What is peristalsis?

A
  • involuntary constriction and relaxation of intestinal muscles
  • creating wave-like movements that push the contents of the canal forward
44
Q

Early stages of gut microbiomes colonisation coincides with ____ development

A

Immune

45
Q

What are the 3 phases of digestion?

A
  1. Cephalic phase
  2. Gastric phase
  3. intestinal phase
46
Q

What is the cephalic phase of digestion?

A
  • seeing, thinking about or tasting food
  • stimulates salivary and gastric glands to secrete saliva and gastric juice
  • prepares digestive system for influx of food
47
Q

What is the gastric phase of digestion?

A
  • regulated by neural (chemo and stretch receptors) and hormonal (gastrin) mechanisms
  • promotes gastric secretion and motility
48
Q
A
48
Q

What is the intestinal phase of digestion?

A
  • when food enters the small intestine
  • regulated by neural (stretch) and hormonal (secretin and cholecystokinin) regulation
49
Q

What are the 3 main hormones involved in the digestive process?

A
  • gastrin
  • secretin
  • cholecystokinin

PARA4012: Anatomy and Physiology (10 decks)

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