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PE > The Respiratory System > Flashcards

The Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 parts of the nasal cavity?

A

cilia
mucous membranes
blood capillaries

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2
Q

Why is cilia present in the nasal cavity?

A

They are the filter - remove dust

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3
Q

Why are mucous membranes present?

A

To moisten the air

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4
Q

Why are blood capillaries present?

A

To warm the blood at the surface

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5
Q

What is the pharynx made of and what is its function?

A

Made of muscle

Narrow - helps push out food and other particles

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6
Q

What is the epiglottis and what is its function?

A

A flap of tissue/cartilage

Prevents food entering the trachea - choking

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7
Q

What is another name for the trachea?

A

Windpipe

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8
Q

What is the trachea made of?

A

Rings of cartilage

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9
Q

What is the function of the trachea and in relation to its structure?

A

Connects throat to lungs

Rings of cartilage - avoids collapsing

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10
Q

What is the bronchi?

A

An airway leading into the lungs - branches off further

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11
Q

What is the main role of the bronchi?

A

Guide air into the alveoli

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12
Q

Explain the structure of the bronchioles:

A

Made of smooth muscle - not cartilage

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13
Q

What are the main functions of the bronchioles?

A

Connects the bronchi and alveoli

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14
Q

Explain the structure of the alveoli:

A

Air sacs covered in capillaries

one cell thick

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15
Q

What is the main function of alveoli?

A

Gaseous exchange

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16
Q

What are the 3 respiratory muscles?

A

Internal intercostals
External intercostals
Diaphragm

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17
Q

What do the internal intercostals do when you breathe out during exercise?

A

They pull the rib cage down and in

Contract

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18
Q

What do the external intercostals do to our rib cage?

A

They pull the rib cage up and out

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19
Q

What do your internal intercostals do when you are breathing out at rest?

A

They relax

Natural recoil brings the rib cage down and in

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20
Q

What happens to the diaphragm when it is contracting?

A

It flattens

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21
Q

What happens to the diaphragm when it is relaxing?

A

It changes into a dome shape

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22
Q

When is the diaphragm contracting?

A

When breathing in

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23
Q

When is the diaphragm relaxing?

A

When breathing out

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24
Q

What is the thoracic cavity?

A

Chamber of the chest
protected by thoracic wall
Separated from the abdominal cavity by the diaphragm

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25
Q

What kind of process is expiration at rest?

A

Passive process - natural recoil

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26
Q

What kind of process is expiration during exercise?

A

Active process - intercostals contract to pull rib cage down and in

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27
Q

What is the benefit of the internal intercostals contracting during exercise?

A

Exhale air quicker
Remove air from lungs quicker
Remove CO2 from lungs faster

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28
Q

What type of process is inspiration?

A

An active process - always

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29
Q

What is the part of the brain stem involved in the neural control of breathing?

A

Medulla Oblongata

30
Q

What is sent from the medulla oblongata?

A

Signals or neurones - tell the intercostal muscles to contract or relax

31
Q

When will the medulla oblongata send these neurones?

A

When a signal has come that more oxygen is required by the muscles - removal of CO2 is key

32
Q

Is breathing voluntary or involuntary

A

An involuntary process caused by impulses in the brain stem

33
Q

What is the definition of diffusion?

A

Gases move from an area of high partial pressure to an area of low partial pressure

34
Q

Describe how oxygen moves at the lungs:

A

Oxygen moves from the alveoli into the blood capillaries

35
Q

Describe how carbon dioxide moves at the lungs:

A

Moves from the blood capillaries into the alveoli to be breathed out

36
Q

What is a diffusion gradient?

A

Difference in partial pressure creates a gradient

Diffusion happens because of a gradient

37
Q

What is diffusion rate?

A

The speed of the transfer of gases across the membrane

38
Q

When will a faster diffusion take place?

A

When there is a steep diffusion gradient

39
Q

Why does blood that arrives back to the alveoli have less oxygen during exercise than at rest?

A

The muscles have used more oxygen during exercise so there is less being brought back

40
Q

Why is the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli higher during exercise?

A

The person is breathing faster and deeper and therefore is bringing more oxygen into their lungs

41
Q

What happens during neural control when the chest cavity increases in size after a signal has been sent?

A

Pressure is put on the pulmonary stretch receptors = mechanoreceptors

42
Q

What are mechanoreceptors?

A

Measure how far your lungs have contracted

43
Q

Why is measuring the contraction of the lungs important?

A

Feed info back to brain - they know whether to keep increasing breathing or to now go to expiration and reduce the breathing rate

44
Q

What does the medulla oblongata regulate?

A

Stimulates resp. muscles depending on the body’s demands for oxygen

45
Q

What happens during exercise to the medulla oblongata?

A

Impulses are sent more frequently

breathing rate and depth increases

46
Q

What else do the nerve impulses stimulate during exercise?

A

They pull the rib cage down and in (not natural recoil during exercise)

47
Q

How is energy created - the chemical control of breathing?

A

Glucose and oxygen = energy

48
Q

What bi products are produced during energy production?

A

Heat
Water
Carbon dioxide
Lactic acid

49
Q

What happens if there is high levels of CO2 in the blood?

A

The blood becomes acidic

50
Q

What are chemoreceptors?

A

Measure the level of CO2/acidity within the blood

51
Q

Where are chemoreceptors found?

A

At the aortic arch

Carotid arteries

52
Q

Where do the chemoreceptors send info about acidity levels in the blood?

A

To the medulla oblongata

53
Q

What will happen if the blood is to acidic and has to much CO2 present?

A

There will be an increase in breathing rate and depth to get rid of CO2

54
Q

What will happen if there is low levels of CO2 and acidity in the blood?

A

There will not be an increase in breathing rate or depth

55
Q

What will happen if the CO2 levels and acidity levels in the blood are beginning to decrease?

A

There will be a decrease in breathing rate and depth

56
Q

What is meant by the term ‘breathing rate’?

A

The number of breaths you take in one minute

57
Q

What is the average breathing rate per min at rest?

A

12 breaths per min

58
Q

What is the average breathing rate during exercise?

A

30-40 breaths per min

59
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

Volume of air moved in and out of the lungs in one breath (depth of the breath)

60
Q

What is the average tidal volume?

A

500cm3

61
Q

What is minute volume?

A

Volume of air moved in and out of the lungs in one minute

62
Q

What is the equation for working out minute volume?

A

Breathing rate x tidal volume = minute volume

63
Q

What is residual volume?

A

Volume of air that is remaining in the lungs after maximal expiration

64
Q

What is the average residual volume?

A

1.2 litres

65
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

The amount of air that can be forced out of the lungs after maximal inspiration

66
Q

What is the average vital capacity?

A

48000cm3

67
Q

What is the total lung capacity?

A

Volume of air in the lungs after maximal inhalation

68
Q

How is total lung capacity calculated?

A

Vital capacity + Residual volume = Total lung capacity

69
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume?

A

Volume of air that could be inhaled after normal breath

70
Q

What is the expiratory reserve volume?

A

Volume of air that could be forced out of the lungs after a normal breath

PE (11 decks)

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