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PE > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

4 main chambers of the heart

A

Left Atrium
Left Ventricle
Right Atrium
Right Ventricle

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2
Q

What are the names of the 4 main valves present in the heart?

A

Tricuspid Valve
Bicuspid Valve
Pulmonary Valve
Aortic Valve

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3
Q

What are the 3 parts of the cardiovascular system?

A

Heart
Blood
Blood Vessels

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4
Q

What are the 4 main vessels in the heart?

A

Vena Cava
Aorta
Pulmonary Artery
Pulmonary Vein

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5
Q

What is meant by the heart having a double circulation?

A

Blood passes through the heart twice in one complete circuit

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6
Q

What are the two circulation systems of the heart?

A

Systemic Circulation

Pulmonary Circulation

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7
Q

What is the pulmonary circulation?

A

Diffusion of O2 into blood

Diffusion of CO2 into alveoli

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8
Q

What is the systemic circulation?

A

To deliver O2 and nutrients to body cells

To remove CO2, water, heat from the body cells

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9
Q

Describe the pathway of blood through the heart:

A 
In through the vena cava, 
into right atrium, 
through tricuspid valve
 right ventricle,
 pulmonary valve 
 pulmonary artery and up to the lungs, 
back to the heart via the pulmonary vein, 
left atrium, 
 bicuspid valve, 
left ventricle, 
 aortic valve, 
 aorta.
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10
Q

What are the 3 stages of the cardiac cycle?

A

Atrium Contraction
Ventricle Contraction
Filling stage

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11
Q

Explain stage 1 - ‘the atrium contraction stage’

A

Left and right atrium contract - blood is forced into left and right ventricle

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12
Q

Explain stage 2 - ‘the ventricle contraction stage’

A

Right and left ventricle contract -
Right - blood is forced into the pulmonary artery
Left - blood is forced into the aorta

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13
Q

Explain stage 3 - ‘the filling stage’

A

Left and right atrium relax

Blood flows into the atrium

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14
Q

What is the function of the right atrium?

A

Contracts - move blood into right ventricle

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15
Q

What is the function of the tricuspid valve?

A

Prevent backflow of blood into the right atrium

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16
Q

What is the function of the right ventricle?

A

Contract to move blood into pulmonary artery & lungs

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17
Q

What is the function of the pulmonary valve?

A

Prevent backflow into the right ventricle

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18
Q

What is the function of the left atrium?

A

Contracts to move blood into left ventricle

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19
Q

What is the function of the bicuspid valve?

A

To prevent backflow of blood into the left atrium

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20
Q

What is the function of the left ventricle?

A

Contracts to force blood into the aorta and to the rest of the body

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21
Q

What is the function of the aortic valve?

A

To prevent the backflow of blood into the left ventricle from the aorta

22
Q

What are the 3 layers the heart is made up of?

A

Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

23
Q

What are the 3 types of blood vessel?

A

Arteries - arterioles
Veins - venules
Capillaries

24
Q

What is an arteries main function?

A

To carry blood away from the heart

25
Q

What are some characteristics of arteries?

A 
Thick muscular wall
Blood under high pressure
Narrow Lumen
Thick elastic tissue 
Strong contractility 
Located deep in the body
26
Q

What is the main function of veins?

A

To carry deoxygenated blood into the heart

27
Q

What are some characteristics of veins?

A 
Thin muscular walls 
Wide lumen 
Blood is under low pressure 
Thin elastic fibres in the tissue 
Contractility present
28
Q

What is the main function of a capillary?

A

Connecting arteries to veins

29
Q

What are some characteristics of capillaries?

A

One cell thick - materials and substances can pass through
Allow diffusion of oxygen and nutrients
Pressure of blood is higher than in veins and lower than in arteries

30
Q

How much blood does the average adult have?

A

4-5 litres of blood

31
Q

What are the 4 parts of the composition of blood?

A

Red blood cells
White blood cells
Plasma
Platelets

32
Q

What is another name for red blood cells?

A

Erythrocytes

33
Q

Explain the immediate effect ‘ anticipatory increase in heart rate prior to exercise:

A

The feeling of your heart beating faster and louder
Happens before exercise
Psychological effect

34
Q

Explain the immediate effect ‘increased heart rate’:

A

More blood is pumped to working muscle - delivery of oxygen and nutrients

35
Q

Explain the immediate effect ‘increased cardiac output’

A

This is an increase in the amount of blood pumped out of the heart in one beat
This happens because of an increase in heart rate and stroke volume

36
Q

Explain the immediate effect ‘increased blood pressure’

A

This means the pressure against the walls of the heart is greater

37
Q

What are the two types of blood pressure?

A

Systolic

Diastolic

38
Q

What is systolic blood pressure and when is it measured?

A

This is the blood pressure when the chambers are contracting, measured when the heart is contracting

39
Q

What is diastolic blood pressure?

A

This is the pressure of the blood against the walls of the heart when the heart is relaxing/ not contracting

40
Q

Explain the immediate effect ‘redirection of blood flow’:

A

Vascular shunting - happens during exercise
More blood will be delivered to the working muscle
Less blood will be taken places such as the digestive system

41
Q

What is cardiac hypertrophy?

A

Chamber dilation

Increased muscle mass - thicker muscle

42
Q

What is meant by ‘chamber dilation’?

A

the chambers of the heart have got bigger - bigger heart

43
Q

Explain why chamber dilation is good:

A

There is more space - more volume of blood within it

44
Q

Describe why having stronger and thicker muscular walls in the heart is important:

A

Increased cardiac output - more blood can be forced out of the heart at once

45
Q

Why is an increased cardiac output a benefit?

A

There is increased respiration - more aerobic energy - more O2 to muscles

46
Q

Why is having a thicker muscular wall in the left ventricle important?

A

More blood can be forced out through the aorta and to the rest of the body

47
Q

Explain the adaptation ‘increase in resting and exercising stroke volume’:

A

This means there is more blood being delivered even at rest - the heart does not have to work as hard - less strain and stress - more powerful

48
Q

Explain the adaptation ‘decrease in resting heart rate’

A

The heart does not need to pump as often as there is more blood being pumped out per beat

49
Q

What is capillarisation?

A

This is an increase in capillary networks
More efficient delivery of oxygen and nutrients
Increase in size and no. of blood vessels

50
Q

Explain the adaptation ‘increase in blood volume’:

A

More blood is being pumped around the body

More delivery of O2 and nutrients

51
Q

Explain ‘arrhythmic death syndrome’

A

Causes sudden death - usually in young fit individuals

Natural heart rhythm becomes disrupted

PE (11 decks)

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