Revision questions Flashcards
Bones
Cranium Clavicle Scapulae Humerus Ulna Radius Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges Sternum Ribs Vertebrae Femur Pelvis Tibia Fibula Patella Tarsals Metatarsals
Types of bone
Short Long Flat Sesamoid Irregular
The 8 functions of the skeletal system
Support Protection Leverage Weight Bearing Source of blood cell production Mineral Storage Attachment for skeletal muscles Reduces friction across joints
Types of joint
Fixed Joints
Slightly Moveable Joints
Synovial Joints
Parts of a synovial joint
Joint capsule Synovial Membrane Synovial Fluid Bursa Hyaline/ articular cartilage Tendons Ligaments
Types of synovial joint
Hinge Ball and socket Pivot Condyloid Gliding Saddle
Explain a fixed joint
Fibrous or immovable
Contains bands of tough fibrous tissue - can withstand great force and tension, no movement possible
Usually for protection
Cranium - protects brain
Explain a slightly moveable joint
Cartilaginous
Ends of bone covered by hyaline cartilage
Separated by pads of white fibrocartilage
Vertebrae has slight movement
Possible movements at a joint
Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Dorsiflexion Plantar Flexion Hyperextension Rotation Circumduction Horizontal flexion and extension Lateral Flexion
Immediate responses on the skeletal system:
Produces more synovial fluid
more lubrication and protection at the joint
Synovial fluid is less viscous
This means there is more movement available at the joint
More nutrients in cartilage - increased nourishment of the cartilage
Mineral storage uptake increases
Increases bone mineral density
Adaptations of the skeletal system:
Increased bone mineral density
Increases the criss-cross matrix within the bone increasing the density
Ligaments increase in strength
Ligaments are more pliable and flexible and therefore will reduce risk of injury
The muscles
Deltoids Bicep Triceps Supinator Pronator Wrist flexor Wrist extensor Latissimus dorsi Teres Major Trapezius Abdominals Erector Spinae Obliques Quadriceps Hamstring Tibialis Anterior Gastrocnemius Soleus Hip flexor
Types of muscle
Cardiac Muscle
Smooth Muscle
Skeletal Muscle
Where is cardiac muscle found?
In the walls of the heart
Where is smooth muscle found?
In the walls of the digestive system
Where are skeletal muscles found?
Attached to skeletal bones
What are some characteristics of cardiac muscle?
Involuntary
Has its own blood supply
Is non fatiguing
Pumps blood around the body
What are some characteristics of smooth muscle?
Involuntary
Slows contractions
Is not fatiguing
Moves digested food along the intestine
What are some characteristics of skeletal muscle?
Voluntary
Movement of skeletal system
Type 1 muscle fibres
Slow contracting Works aerobically Little force Contain many mitochondria Slow fatiguing Suited to endurance activities
Type IIa muscle fibres
Fast contracting Great amounts of force Less reliant on oxygen Suited to power, speed and strength Faster fatiguing than type 1
Type IIx muscle fibres:
Rapid contraction Maximum force Fast fatiguing Works anaerobically Suited to speed short distance strength activities - 100m
Responses of the muscular system to a single activity:
Increased blood supply Increased muscle temperature Increased muscle pliability Increased lactic acid Micro tears DOMS
Adaptations of the muscular system
Hypertrophy
Increased tendon strength
Increase in number and size of mitochondria
Increase in myoglobin stores
Increase in storage of glycogen
Increase in storage of fat
Increased tolerance to lactic acid build up
Types of muscle contraction
Isometric
Concentric
Eccentric
What is an isometric contraction?
The muscle does not change in length and is usually seen in a fixator muscle
What is a concentric contraction?
The muscle shortens in length as tension is applied
What is an eccentric contraction?
The muscle returns to its normal length
What are the different jobs of a muscle
Agonist
Antagonist
Fixator
Synergist
In the downward phase of a squat what is the agonist and what is the antagonist?
The quadricep is the agonist
The hamstring is the antagonist
In the downward phase of a pull up what is the agonist and what is the antagonist?
The latissimus dorsi is the agonist
The deltoid is the antagonist
What is a cramp?
An involuntary contraction or spasm causing the uncontrolled tightening of the muscle fibres which will stop you being able to compete or continue in the sport without pain. Often due to dehydration or low sodium levels in the blood
What is lactic acid?
A waste product produced by the working muscle due to fatigue. It has a faster onset when working anaerobically and will flood your muscle resulting in pain and having to stop the activity
What are DOMS?
This is delayed onset soreness of muscles. It is the muscular pain felt 24-48 after exercise and is usually due to your body not being adapted to the intensity of your exercise.
What are microtears?
These are tiny tears in the muscle fibres. They cause swelling at the muscle tissue and causes pain due to swelling at the nerve endings.
What is hypertrophy?
Overloading of the muscles increases the strength and size of the muscles. Muscle fibres become larger due to increase protein. Muscle fibres increase in size as they can withstand greater force.
How is an increase in number of size of mitochondria good?
This means more aerobic respiration
More energy production
Improves aerobic performance
How is an increase in myoglobin stores good?
Myoglobin will transport oxygen into and across the muscle cell
More energy will be available for your muscle
How is an increase in fat storage good?
Fat can be used more efficiently
Broken down into fatty acids for energy
Able to use fats as energy when carbs are scarce
Why is an increase in glycogen stores good?
Glycogen is a readily available source of energy
Able to train at higher intensity for longer without a fast build up of lactic acid and slower onset of fatigue
Why is an increased tolerance to lactic acid good?
Muscles can last for longer at a higher intensity without the muscles being flooded and having to stop
You can work more efficiently anaerobically
Why is an increased tendon strength good?
Can withstand greater tension and strain
Become more flexible - less risk of an injury
Cartilage becomes thicker between bones and reduces risk of arthritis
The parts of the respiratory system:
Nares Nasal Cavity Larynx Pharynx Epiglottis Trachea Bronchus Bronchioles Segmental bronchioles Alveoli Lung lobes Intercostals - internal External Diaphragm Medulla Oblongata Chemoreceptors - aortic arch, carotenoids Pulmonary Stretch receptors
What is diffusion?
This is the movement of gases from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration through a semi permeable membrane
How does diffusion take place?
Oxygen moves from an area of high partial pressure in the alveoli to an area of low partial pressure in the blood capillaries
Carbon dioxide moves from an area of high partial pressure in the blood capillaries to an area of low partial pressure in the alveoli
Diffusion happens across the alveolar base membrane - a selectively permeable membrane
What is present in the nasal cavity?
Cilia - filter the air
Mucous Membranes - moisten the air
Blood capillaries - warm the blood
