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Revision questions Flashcards

1
Q

Bones

A 
Cranium
Clavicle 
Scapulae 
Humerus 
Ulna 
Radius
Carpals 
Metacarpals 
Phalanges 
Sternum
Ribs
Vertebrae
Femur
Pelvis 
Tibia 
Fibula 
Patella
Tarsals 
Metatarsals
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2
Q

Types of bone

A 
Short
Long
Flat 
Sesamoid
Irregular
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3
Q

The 8 functions of the skeletal system

A 
Support
Protection
Leverage
Weight Bearing
Source of blood cell production
Mineral Storage 
Attachment for skeletal muscles
Reduces friction across joints
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4
Q

Types of joint

A

Fixed Joints
Slightly Moveable Joints
Synovial Joints

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5
Q

Parts of a synovial joint

A 
Joint capsule
Synovial Membrane
Synovial Fluid 
Bursa
Hyaline/ articular cartilage 
Tendons 
Ligaments
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6
Q

Types of synovial joint

A 
Hinge 
Ball and socket
Pivot
Condyloid
Gliding 
Saddle
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7
Q

Explain a fixed joint

A

Fibrous or immovable
Contains bands of tough fibrous tissue - can withstand great force and tension, no movement possible
Usually for protection
Cranium - protects brain

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8
Q

Explain a slightly moveable joint

A

Cartilaginous
Ends of bone covered by hyaline cartilage
Separated by pads of white fibrocartilage
Vertebrae has slight movement

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9
Q

Possible movements at a joint

A 
Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Dorsiflexion
Plantar Flexion
Hyperextension
Rotation
Circumduction
Horizontal flexion and extension
Lateral Flexion
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10
Q

Immediate responses on the skeletal system:

A

Produces more synovial fluid
more lubrication and protection at the joint
Synovial fluid is less viscous
This means there is more movement available at the joint
More nutrients in cartilage - increased nourishment of the cartilage

Mineral storage uptake increases
Increases bone mineral density

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11
Q

Adaptations of the skeletal system:

A

Increased bone mineral density
Increases the criss-cross matrix within the bone increasing the density

Ligaments increase in strength
Ligaments are more pliable and flexible and therefore will reduce risk of injury

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12
Q

The muscles

A 
Deltoids
Bicep 
Triceps
Supinator 
Pronator
Wrist flexor 
Wrist extensor
Latissimus dorsi 
Teres Major 
Trapezius
Abdominals
Erector Spinae
Obliques 
Quadriceps 
Hamstring
Tibialis Anterior 
Gastrocnemius 
Soleus 
Hip flexor
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13
Q

Types of muscle

A

Cardiac Muscle
Smooth Muscle
Skeletal Muscle

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14
Q

Where is cardiac muscle found?

A

In the walls of the heart

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15
Q

Where is smooth muscle found?

A

In the walls of the digestive system

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16
Q

Where are skeletal muscles found?

A

Attached to skeletal bones

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17
Q

What are some characteristics of cardiac muscle?

A

Involuntary
Has its own blood supply
Is non fatiguing
Pumps blood around the body

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18
Q

What are some characteristics of smooth muscle?

A

Involuntary
Slows contractions
Is not fatiguing
Moves digested food along the intestine

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19
Q

What are some characteristics of skeletal muscle?

A

Voluntary

Movement of skeletal system

20
Q

Type 1 muscle fibres

A 
Slow contracting
Works aerobically 
Little force
Contain many mitochondria 
Slow fatiguing
Suited to endurance activities
21
Q

Type IIa muscle fibres

A 
Fast contracting
Great amounts of force
Less reliant on oxygen
Suited to power, speed and strength
Faster fatiguing than type 1
22
Q

Type IIx muscle fibres:

A 
Rapid contraction
Maximum force 
Fast fatiguing
Works anaerobically 
Suited to speed short distance strength activities - 100m
23
Q

Responses of the muscular system to a single activity:

A 
Increased blood supply 
Increased muscle temperature
Increased muscle pliability 
Increased lactic acid 
Micro tears
DOMS
24
Q

Adaptations of the muscular system

A

Hypertrophy
Increased tendon strength
Increase in number and size of mitochondria
Increase in myoglobin stores
Increase in storage of glycogen
Increase in storage of fat
Increased tolerance to lactic acid build up

25
Q

Types of muscle contraction

A

Isometric
Concentric
Eccentric

26
Q

What is an isometric contraction?

A

The muscle does not change in length and is usually seen in a fixator muscle

27
Q

What is a concentric contraction?

A

The muscle shortens in length as tension is applied

28
Q

What is an eccentric contraction?

A

The muscle returns to its normal length

29
Q

What are the different jobs of a muscle

A

Agonist
Antagonist
Fixator
Synergist

30
Q

In the downward phase of a squat what is the agonist and what is the antagonist?

A

The quadricep is the agonist

The hamstring is the antagonist

31
Q

In the downward phase of a pull up what is the agonist and what is the antagonist?

A

The latissimus dorsi is the agonist

The deltoid is the antagonist

32
Q

What is a cramp?

A

An involuntary contraction or spasm causing the uncontrolled tightening of the muscle fibres which will stop you being able to compete or continue in the sport without pain. Often due to dehydration or low sodium levels in the blood

33
Q

What is lactic acid?

A

A waste product produced by the working muscle due to fatigue. It has a faster onset when working anaerobically and will flood your muscle resulting in pain and having to stop the activity

34
Q

What are DOMS?

A

This is delayed onset soreness of muscles. It is the muscular pain felt 24-48 after exercise and is usually due to your body not being adapted to the intensity of your exercise.

35
Q

What are microtears?

A

These are tiny tears in the muscle fibres. They cause swelling at the muscle tissue and causes pain due to swelling at the nerve endings.

36
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

Overloading of the muscles increases the strength and size of the muscles. Muscle fibres become larger due to increase protein. Muscle fibres increase in size as they can withstand greater force.

37
Q

How is an increase in number of size of mitochondria good?

A

This means more aerobic respiration
More energy production
Improves aerobic performance

38
Q

How is an increase in myoglobin stores good?

A

Myoglobin will transport oxygen into and across the muscle cell
More energy will be available for your muscle

39
Q

How is an increase in fat storage good?

A

Fat can be used more efficiently
Broken down into fatty acids for energy
Able to use fats as energy when carbs are scarce

40
Q

Why is an increase in glycogen stores good?

A

Glycogen is a readily available source of energy

Able to train at higher intensity for longer without a fast build up of lactic acid and slower onset of fatigue

41
Q

Why is an increased tolerance to lactic acid good?

A

Muscles can last for longer at a higher intensity without the muscles being flooded and having to stop
You can work more efficiently anaerobically

42
Q

Why is an increased tendon strength good?

A

Can withstand greater tension and strain
Become more flexible - less risk of an injury
Cartilage becomes thicker between bones and reduces risk of arthritis

43
Q

The parts of the respiratory system:

A 
Nares
Nasal Cavity
Larynx 
Pharynx 
Epiglottis 
Trachea 
Bronchus 
Bronchioles 
Segmental bronchioles 
Alveoli 
Lung lobes 
Intercostals - internal
External
Diaphragm 
Medulla Oblongata 
Chemoreceptors - aortic arch, carotenoids 
Pulmonary Stretch receptors
44
Q

What is diffusion?

A

This is the movement of gases from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration through a semi permeable membrane

45
Q

How does diffusion take place?

A

Oxygen moves from an area of high partial pressure in the alveoli to an area of low partial pressure in the blood capillaries

Carbon dioxide moves from an area of high partial pressure in the blood capillaries to an area of low partial pressure in the alveoli

Diffusion happens across the alveolar base membrane - a selectively permeable membrane

46
Q

What is present in the nasal cavity?

A

Cilia - filter the air
Mucous Membranes - moisten the air
Blood capillaries - warm the blood

PE (11 decks)

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