Revision questions Flashcards
Bones
Cranium Clavicle Scapulae Humerus Ulna Radius Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges Sternum Ribs Vertebrae Femur Pelvis Tibia Fibula Patella Tarsals Metatarsals
Types of bone
Short Long Flat Sesamoid Irregular
The 8 functions of the skeletal system
Support Protection Leverage Weight Bearing Source of blood cell production Mineral Storage Attachment for skeletal muscles Reduces friction across joints
Types of joint
Fixed Joints
Slightly Moveable Joints
Synovial Joints
Parts of a synovial joint
Joint capsule Synovial Membrane Synovial Fluid Bursa Hyaline/ articular cartilage Tendons Ligaments
Types of synovial joint
Hinge Ball and socket Pivot Condyloid Gliding Saddle
Explain a fixed joint
Fibrous or immovable
Contains bands of tough fibrous tissue - can withstand great force and tension, no movement possible
Usually for protection
Cranium - protects brain
Explain a slightly moveable joint
Cartilaginous
Ends of bone covered by hyaline cartilage
Separated by pads of white fibrocartilage
Vertebrae has slight movement
Possible movements at a joint
Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Dorsiflexion Plantar Flexion Hyperextension Rotation Circumduction Horizontal flexion and extension Lateral Flexion
Immediate responses on the skeletal system:
Produces more synovial fluid
more lubrication and protection at the joint
Synovial fluid is less viscous
This means there is more movement available at the joint
More nutrients in cartilage - increased nourishment of the cartilage
Mineral storage uptake increases
Increases bone mineral density
Adaptations of the skeletal system:
Increased bone mineral density
Increases the criss-cross matrix within the bone increasing the density
Ligaments increase in strength
Ligaments are more pliable and flexible and therefore will reduce risk of injury
The muscles
Deltoids Bicep Triceps Supinator Pronator Wrist flexor Wrist extensor Latissimus dorsi Teres Major Trapezius Abdominals Erector Spinae Obliques Quadriceps Hamstring Tibialis Anterior Gastrocnemius Soleus Hip flexor
Types of muscle
Cardiac Muscle
Smooth Muscle
Skeletal Muscle
Where is cardiac muscle found?
In the walls of the heart
Where is smooth muscle found?
In the walls of the digestive system
Where are skeletal muscles found?
Attached to skeletal bones
What are some characteristics of cardiac muscle?
Involuntary
Has its own blood supply
Is non fatiguing
Pumps blood around the body
What are some characteristics of smooth muscle?
Involuntary
Slows contractions
Is not fatiguing
Moves digested food along the intestine
What are some characteristics of skeletal muscle?
Voluntary
Movement of skeletal system
Type 1 muscle fibres
Slow contracting Works aerobically Little force Contain many mitochondria Slow fatiguing Suited to endurance activities
Type IIa muscle fibres
Fast contracting Great amounts of force Less reliant on oxygen Suited to power, speed and strength Faster fatiguing than type 1
Type IIx muscle fibres:
Rapid contraction Maximum force Fast fatiguing Works anaerobically Suited to speed short distance strength activities - 100m
Responses of the muscular system to a single activity:
Increased blood supply Increased muscle temperature Increased muscle pliability Increased lactic acid Micro tears DOMS
Adaptations of the muscular system
Hypertrophy
Increased tendon strength
Increase in number and size of mitochondria
Increase in myoglobin stores
Increase in storage of glycogen
Increase in storage of fat
Increased tolerance to lactic acid build up
