The muscular system Flashcards
Name 3 types of muscles:
Smooth Muscle
Cardiac Muscle
Skeletal Muscle
Where is cardiac muscle found?
In the walls of the heart
What are some characteristics of cardiac muscle?
Involuntary
Has its own blood supply
Pumps blood around the body
Never fatigues
Where is smooth muscle found?
In the walls of the digestive sytem
What are some characteristics of smooth muscle?
Involuntary
Slows down contractions
Where is skeletal muscle found?
Connected to skeletal bones and pull to move the bones
What are some characteristics of skeletal muscle?
Voluntary
Move skeletal bones
What are some characteristics of skeletal muscle?
Voluntary
Move skeletal bones
What is a concentric contraction?
An increase in the tension of muscle as it shortens in length
What is a cramp?
This is an involuntary contraction or spasm of the muscle. It is caused by dehydration and a lack of rich blood being supplied to the working muscles. It causes pain and will result in having to stop participating in the sport.
3 characteristics of type 1 muscle fibres:
slow contracting
little force
rich in mitochondria
What is mitochondria needed for?
It is vital for aerobic respiration and is the power house of the cell.
Why is myoglobin important?
Myoglobin carries oxygen around the cell (the delivery van)
increases its oxidative capacity
slower build up of lactic acid
fatigue will be slower and you can last longer.
Why is an increase in muscle glycogen important?
Readily available source of energy
less risk of fatigue
work at a higher intensity for longer.
Why is an increase in muscle pliability important?
Due to increased temperature
muscles more flexible
less risk of injury
4 characteristics of type 11a muscle fibres:
Fast contracting
Large force
less fatiguing than type 11x
less reliant on oxygen than type 1
What causes an increase in muscle temperature?
This is due to an increase in energy production. Energy has to be provided by fuels such as fats and carbs which are broken down by a chemical reaction and as a waste product heat is produced
4 characteristics of type 11x muscle fibres?
rapid contraction speed
maximum force
fast fatiguing
works anaerobically
Response of the muscular system from one session of lifting heavy weights:
microtears will form
tiny tears in the muscle fibres
due to muscles being overloaded
a fixator does…
ensures there is no unwanted movement
stabilises joint
ensures agonist provides the most effective contraction
a synergist…
muscles that work together to enable the agonists to operate more effectively
control and direct movement
pull on agonist to make position more of an advantage
Name 6 adaptations of the muscular system:
Hypertrophy Resistance to lactic acid Increased storage of fat Increased glycogen storage Increase in myoglobin stores Increase in the no. and size of mitochondria
Name the 20 muscles:
Deltoid Bicep Triceps Supinator Pronator Wrist flexors Wrist extensors Latissimus Dorsi Trapezius Teres Major Pectorals Abdominals Obliques Erector spinae Hip Flexors Quadriceps Hamstrings Tibialis anterior Gastrocnemius Soleus
What are the 3 types of contractions?
Isometric (muscle length does not change)
Eccentric (muscle returns to normal length)
Concentric (muscle shortens in length)
What is hypertrophy?
Muscles are overloaded - increase in size and strength
Muscle fibres become larger
Create a greater force
Explain the adaptation ‘increased tendon strength’
They are more flexible and can withstand greater forces
Explain the adaptation ‘increase number and size of mitochondria’
The muscle fibres are bigger- more mitochondria - more room so they are also larger
Explain the adaptation ‘increase in myoglobin stores’
More oxygen storage
More delivered to the mitochondria in the muscle cell
Explain the adaptation ‘increase in storage of glycogen’
You can produce more energy - able to train at higher intensities for longer and won’t fatigue as easily
Explain the adaptation ‘increase in storage of fat’
Fat is used more efficiently
Fat is used as an energy source when there is little carbs
Explain the adaptation ‘Increased tolerance to lactate’
There is a better supply of oxygen and nutrients to the muscle and therefore become more resistant to lactic acid build up
Why does age effect the skeletal system?
Muscle mass decreases
Muscles are smaller - decreased strength and power
