Revision PPQ'S Muscular System Flashcards
Describe a concentric contraction:
The increase in tension as the muscle shortens
Describe a cramp and the impact it has on Gareth’s basketball performance:
A cramp is an involuntary contraction/ spasm of the muscle causing pain
It often occurs due to dehydration and low sodium levels
It will restrict his movement and he will not be able to run/jump or continue his basketball game.
Describe two characteristics of smooth muscle:
Involuntary muscle
Functions under the control of the nervous system
Describe the role of a synergist muscle:
Works alongside the agonist to control and direct movement
They alter the direction and pull on the agonist to make the position more of an advantage
Explain how an increase in myoglobin stores will benefit Sonia’s football performance:
Increase in myoglobin means there will be more oxygen taken into the muscles - increased oxidative capacity
Slower build up of lactic acid - won’t fatigue as easily and last longer
Explain why there is an increased muscle pliability and explain how this affects Frances:
This is because the temperature of your muscles has increased
Muscles are now more flexible and there is a lower risk of injury
Explain one other response of her muscles to a single weight training session:
There is an increase in blood supply because the working muscles require more oxygen and therefore blood will deliver this
Explain the impact of muscular hypertrophy on Marcellous’s sprinting performance:
He will be able to put more power and force behind his run as the muscles have increased in strength and size and he will be able to run faster
Explain one response of the muscular system from lifting heavy weights:
Micro-tears - these are tiny tears in the muscle fibres
Due to the muscles being overloaded
Explain the role of a fixator muscle during a weight training exercise:
A fixator muscle will ensure there is no unwanted movement
Stabilises the joint
Ensures the agonist can give the strongest and most effective contraction
Explain what causes muscle temperature to increase during exercise:
This is due to the increase in energy requirements
Energy is needed from fuels such as fats and carbs which are broken down by a chemical reaction and heat is produced as a waste product
Explain why an increase storage of muscle glycogen benefits Julie during a race:
An increased storage of glycogen means there is readily available energy for Julie’s muscles
She can work at a high intensity for longer
Slower onset of fatigue - less lactic acid
Explain why type I muscle fibres are used in long distance swimming races:
They are rich in mitochondria Red in colour - good blood supply Suited to low intensity, long distance exercises Slow contraction Little force Allows pace to be maintained
Explain one reason that type IIa muscle fibres are important to an 800m runner’s performance:
They can produce a great force because they are fast contracting and also contain oxygen within them
This allows them to maintain their intensity and speed throughout the run and fatigue slower
Oxygen present = slower lactic acid build up
Explain why type IIa muscle fibres will be used during a basketball game:
They contain some oxygen so don’t fatigue as quickly as type IIx
They allow you to work at a medium intensity so you can continue running throughout the game and not fatigue as quickly
They will allow you to make powerful contractions - run, shoot
Give the meaning of the term ‘isometric contraction’:
The length of the muscle does not change and the angle of the joint does not change - leads to rapid fatigue
State the 3 types of muscle tissue and its location in the body:
Skeletal muscle - skeletal bones
Cardiac muscle - the heart
Smooth muscle - digestive organs
State one characteristic of cardiac muscle:
It is involuntary - not under our conscious control
State 1 characteristic of skeletal muscle:
Voluntary - under our conscious control
State 1 characteristic of smooth muscle:
Allows vasodilation and vasoconstriction to take place
State one reason why it is important cardiac muscle is non-fatiguing:
So it can constantly provide blood to our working muscles
State the function of mitochondria:
ATP synthesis - aerobic respiration
Energy production
Explain why an increase in the number of mitochondria is beneficial to Janes 800m race:
More mitochondria means more energy is produced
More aerobic respiration
This means that there will be a slower build up of lactic acid
Later onset of fatigue
Jane can work at a higher intensity for longer and she will be able to finish her race in a good time
State 3 characteristics of type I muscle fibres:
Contain many mitochondria
Slow contraction speed
Lower contraction force
State 3 characteristics of type IIx muscle fibres:
Rapid contraction speed
Maximum contraction force
Energy production without oxygen - anaerobic
