Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOL1011 > The renal system > Flashcards

The renal system Flashcards

1
Q

Tell me the main functions of the kidney and how it effects those parts of the body?

A

Water: ensures that there is a balance in water levels (not too much but not too little)

Blood pressure: Makes sure that the pressure isn’t too high or too low

Wastes: Gets rid of urea, uric acid, toxins and other wastes

Bones: Activates vitamin D which helps the body to absorb Ca2+

Heart: Maintains a balance of electrolytes (potassium, sodium, calcium) which is critical for heart rhythm

Acid- Base balance: Makes sure that the body isn’t too acidic or too alkaline

Blood: releases Erythropoietic, which induces RBC production from the bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does urine analysis tell us?

A

How the kidneys are functioning by looking at colour, smell, taste, froth, clarity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the key functions of a healthy kidney?

A
  • sodium and water removal
  • waste removal
  • hormone production
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the key problems with an unhealthy kidney?

A
  • fluid overload
  • elevated wastes such as; urea, creatine, potassium
  • changes in hormone levels controlling; blood pressure, production of RBC, uptake of calcium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Tell me the main things that the kidney regulates in respect to homeostasis regulation of water and ion content of the blood?

A
  • Regulation of extra-cellular fluid volume
  • Regulation of osmolarity
  • Maintenance of Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Cl- within normal range
  • Homeostatic regulation of pH: H+/ HCO3-
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Tell me the main things that the kidney does in respect to the excretions of wastes and forgeign substances?

A
  • By-products of metabolism e.g. creatinine
  • Drugs and environmental toxins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Whats Creatine used for and what is it?

A
  • produced in liver
  • metabolised by muscle
  • kidneys actively secrete it as it’s not wanted in the body
  • A toxin
  • increases muscle mass so used as a body building supplement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How does the kidney play a role in hormone production?

A

it plays an important role in endocrine pathways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Label the urinary system…

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Label this cross section of the kidney…

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The kidney is highly vascularised. Fill in the labels of the vasculature and all the blood vessels of the kidney/ nephron…

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Label the nephron structures…

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

In the nephron what does the blood flow through and what does the urine filter through?

A

Blood in arterioles

Urine in tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Label this cartoon of the nephron…

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Place the following structures in the order in which the most reabsorption has happened to this point?

How how many L/day filter through each section?

Proximal tubule

Loop of Henle

Bowman’s capsule

Distal loop/ Collecting duct

A

Bowman’s capsule: 180 L/day

Proximal tubule (70%): 54 L/day

Loop of Henle (90%): 18 L/day

Distal loop/ Collecting duct (99%) 1.5L/day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the 4 main functions that the kidney carries out?

A
  1. Filtration
  2. Absorption
  3. Secretion
  4. Excretion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What 3 barriers does the filtrate have to pass through during filtration in the kidney?

A
  1. glomerular capillary endothelium
  2. Basal lamina (seperates capillary endothelium from epithelium)
  3. Epithelium of the bowman’s capsule
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Does the glomerulus have a high pressure or low pressure filtration system?

A

High-pressure filtration system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Whats are the specialised cells found in the Bowman’s capulse and what’s their function?

A

Podocytes, they are in the Bowman’s capsule and their function is to allow for filtration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Tell me what the capillaries and permeable and impermeable to?

A

Permeable:

  • Glucose
  • Small cations; Na, K, H
  • Small anions; Cl, HCO3

Impermeable

  • Red blood cells
  • proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the forces which influence glomerular filtration?

A
  1. Osmotic pressure (30 mmHg)
  2. Fluid pressure (15 mmHg)
  3. Capillary blood pressure (55 mmHg)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Whats the formula for the Net filtration pressure?

A

Net filtration pressure = CBP - OP - FP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Tell me what factors like aging and pregancy do to the GFR?

A

Aging decreases GFR

Pregnancy increases GFR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Whats the average GFR filtration efficiency?

A

125 ml/min, 180 L/day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Tell me how the following functions effect the BP?

A
  1. constriction of afferent arteriole, and dilation of efferent arteriole
  2. Dilation of afferent arteriole and constriction of efferent arteriole
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q
  1. Increased BP –> constrict afferent arteriole, dilate efferent
  2. Decreased BP –> dilate afferent, constrict efferent
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How does the following effect the GFR?

  1. Constricting efferent arteriole
  2. Constricting afferent arteriole
A
  1. constricting efferent: increases GFR
  2. constricting afferent: decreases GFR
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the renal blood flow determined by?

A

Renal artery pressure and resistance in arterioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the renal blood flow control mediated by?

A
  1. myogenic response
  2. Tubulo-glomerular feedback
30
Q

incrases in blood pressure activation what in the muscle surrounding the kidney?

A

Activates the ‘stretch’ sensitive ion channels that open

31
Q

As vasoconstriction increases, now does this effect…

  • blood flow through arterioles
  • blood flow
  • filtration pressure in glomerulus
A
  • resistance to flow so blood flow through the arteriole decreases
  • decreases in blood flow
  • decreases in filtration pressure within the glomerulus
32
Q

Whats Tubulo-glomerular feedback?

A

A feedback mechainsm thats links Na and Cl concentration at the Macula densa with control of renal arteriolar resistance

33
Q

Whats does the Macula densa produce (give e.g.) and what does this control?

A

The Macula densa produces Vascoactive substances which drive vasoconstriction.

These substances include; Na and Cl adsorption, Nitric oxide, adenosine)

34
Q

What are the 2 components of Tubulo-glomerular feedback?

A
  1. Afferent arteriolar feedback
  2. Efferent arteriole feedback (hormonal)
35
Q

What does Tubulo-Glomerular feedback ensure?

A

The constant delivery of NaCl to the distal tubule

36
Q

What are the steps to the Tubulo-glomerular feedback?

A
  1. GFR increases
  2. Flow through the tubule increases
  3. Flow past macula densa increases
  4. Macula densa produces paracrine factors. The factors diffuse from macula densa to afferent arteriole
  5. afferent arteriole constricts
  6. resistance in afferent arteriole increases
  7. hydrostatic pressure in glomerulus decreases
  8. GFR decreases
37
Q

Increases in NaCl concentration at the macula densa causes what effects to the afferent arteriole, and how does this effect the GFR?

A

Increase NaCl concentration at the macula densa causes the afferent arteriole to constrict. This leads to less pressure for filtration so GFR decreases

38
Q

What effects occur if the systemic blood pressure drops sharply due to for e.g. haemorrhage?

A

sympathetically induced vasoconstriction of arterioles which decreases GFR and renal blood flow

39
Q

What can the podocytes do to increase filtration?

A

They can change size.

The filtration slits widen more to create a larger surface for filtration

40
Q

What substance is measured to look at GFR levels?

A

Creatine

41
Q

Whats the normal creatine clearance for healthy men and women?

A

Normal creatine clearance is 88-128 mL/min for healthy women and 97-137 mL/min for healthy men

42
Q

Whats reabsorption in the kidney?

A

Reabsorption is the movement of filtered solutes and water from the lumen of the tubule back into the plasma

43
Q

99% of filtrate must be reabsorbed, why is there such a high filtration rate if this is the case?

A

it helps clear forgien substances quickly

44
Q

What areas of the nephron has reabsorption occuring?

A
  • PCT (vital)
  • Loop of Henle
  • DCT (optional)
  • Collecting duct (optional)
45
Q

Give some examples of whats found in the urine?

A
  • water
  • NaCl
  • HCO3-
  • H+
  • urea
  • glucose
  • amino acids
  • some drugs
46
Q

Give an example of a substance thats completely reabsorbed?

A

Glucose

47
Q

Give an example of a substance that isn’t at all reabsorbed?

A

Creatine

48
Q

Tell me the key features of the structure of the PCT?

A
  • Thick membrane
  • abundance of mitochondria
  • indistinct lateral barriers
49
Q

Tell me the key features of the structure of the DCT?

A
  • Microvillous border
  • Mitochondria concentrated at the base
  • Paler and bulge into the lumen
  • lateral borders indistinct due to lateral foldings
  • capillaries abound in all regions
50
Q

For substances to be reabsorbed, where must it be transported through?

A

Across tubular epithelial membranes –> renal interstitial fluid –> peritubular capillary membrane –> blood

51
Q

What are the 2 filtration pathways that the filtrate can take?

A
  1. Paraceullular pathway (inbetween cells)
  2. Transcellular pathway (through the cells)
52
Q

Transport can be what…

Explain each

A

Passive or active

Passive: molecules move with the gradient (from high to low) vie either diffusion or facilitated diffusion e.g. urea

Active: Molecules move against the gradient (from low to high) witht he help of a carrier and energy

53
Q

What are the 2 types of active transport and explain each?

A
  1. Primary- directly uses metabolic energy (like ATP hydrolysis) to transport molecules
  2. Secondary- Uses energy from an electrochemical gradient to drive transport e.g. sodium across epithelium and sodium linked glucose reabsorption
54
Q

How is water reabsorbed?

A

Passively by osmosis

55
Q

Whats the permeability to water of the following…

  • PCT
  • Loop of Henle
  • DCT
A
  • PCT= Highly permeable
  • Loop of Henle= impermeable to water. Only salt reabsorption (passitve or active depending on concentrations)
  • DCT= Variable permeability depending on proceeded salt concentrations
56
Q

What helps to create favourable conditions for water reabsorption?

A

Moving solutes/ ions into interstitium

57
Q

Explain sodium transport across the epithelium

A
  • Na+ plays a role in BP regulation
  • majority of Na+ transporters in PCT
  • electrochemical gradient moves Na+ out of cells into blood and K+ in (Na-K pump)
58
Q

Explain sodium linked glucose reabsorption…

A
  • Glucose is actively transported across the apical membrane by sodium linked active transport.
  • SGLT- sodium glucose co-transporter
  • Use glucose transporters (SGLT2 and GLUT2)
  • Uses gradient created by (Na-K pump) to move into blood
  • Normally all glucose is reabsorbed before it reaches the end of the PCT
59
Q

Explain the movement of glucose into the blood…

A
  • Glucose is actively transported across the apical membrane by sodium linked active transport (SGLT2)
  • A carrier protein moves it across the basolateral membrane into the peritubular fluid where it can diffuse into the plasma via GLUT2
60
Q

Tell me about the gradient and type of transport at the SGLT1/2 transporter?

A

Low to high secondary active transport

61
Q

Tell me about the gradient and type of transport at the GLUT2 transporter?

A

High to low facilitated diffusion

62
Q

How is the transport maximum determined?

A

Its determined by glucose transports and the amount of glucose that can be moved across. therefore, causing a plateau in reabsorption

63
Q

What is the transport rate determined by give e.g.

A

The transport rate is determined by the Na+ load and by several hormones and neurotransmitters, including prostaglandins, parathyroid hormone, glucagon, calcitonin, arginine vasopressin and adrenaline

64
Q

Whats the order of the type of movement the filtrate experiences as it moves through the nephron?

A
  1. Primary and secondary active transport
  2. Osmosis
  3. Passive diffusion down the concentration gradient
65
Q

Where is urea secreted? and why here?

A

in the thin ascending limb of the Loop of Henle, so that a significant amount of urea reachest the DCT

66
Q

Tell me about Urea’s filtration

A

Urea is freely filtered, 50% are reabsorbed in the PCT with the reabsorption of water (solvent drag)

67
Q

Tell me about urea’s reabsorption ?

A

In the collect ducts, urea is reabsorbed together with water. This adds to the osmotic gradient and helps drive water reabsorption

68
Q

Whats tubular secretion?

A

The transfer of molecules from the extra cellular fluid into the lumen of the nephron

69
Q

What does tubular secretion depend on?

A

the membrane transport system

70
Q

Reasearches looked for a molecule that could compete with penicillin for the organic transported responsible for its secretion into the urine, leaving penicillin in the blood. What was the substance?

A

Probenecid

71
Q

Whats the equation for the amount of solute excreted?

A

Amount of solute excreted =

Amount filtered - Amount reabsorbed + Amount secreted

BIOL1011 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions