Physiology principles

Question 1

Whats the definition of homeostasis?

Answer 1

The maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment. mostly controlled by the brain and adrenal systems

Question 2

Whats the homeostasis control arc?

Answer 2

1. stimulus; change in variable
2. receptor; detects change
3. input; information sent along afferent pathway to control centre
4. output; information sent along efferent pathway to effector
5. response; returns variable via negative feedback

Question 3

Give an example of where homeostasis was failed and what this means to the normal function?

Answer 3

Type 1 diabetes: the pancreas can’t produce insulin so theres too much glucose in the blood leading to hypoglycaemia due to immune cells destrying the beta cells in the pancreas

Question 4

With diabetes, what can the complications be?

Answer 4

Macrovascular or microvascular

Question 5

Tell me the macrovascular or microvascular effects of diabetes to the following parts of the body?

1. brain
2. heart
3. extremities
4. eye
5. kidney
6. nerves

Answer 5

Macrovascular…

1. Brain

• cerebrovascular diseases

Transient ischemic attack

Cerebrovascular accident

cognitive impairment

2. heart

• ​coronary artery disease

Coronary syndrome

myocardial infarction

congestive heart failure

3. extremities

• ​Peripheral vascular disease

ulceration

gangrene

amputation

Microvascular…

1. eye

• retinopathy
• cataracts
• galucoma

2. kidney

• Nephropathy

macroalbuminuria

Gross albuminuria

Kidney failure

3. nerves

• Neuropathy

peripheral

autonomic

Question 6

Whats the GFR?

Whats it measured in?

Answer 6

This is the globular filtration rate and is the rate at which plasma is filtered. its measured in ml/min

Question 7

Tell me the steps to tubuloglomerular feedback?

Answer 7

1. GFR increases
2. flow through tubule increases
3. flow past macula densa increases
4. paracrine diffuses from macula densa to afferent arteriole
5. afferent arteriole constricts
6. resistance in afferent arteriole increases
7. hydrostatic pressure in glomerulus decreases
8. GFR decreases

Question 8

Whats signal transduction?

Answer 8

the transfer of information across the cell membrance, generally in communication between the internal environment of the cells and the extracellular fluid

Question 9

Whats the name of the processeses that aid the movement of molecules across the membrane ?

Answer 9

1. diffusion
2. facilitated diffusion
3. active transport
4. osmosis

Question 10

whats mass flow?

Answer 10

the movement of fluids down a pressure or temperature gradient

Question 11

Whats the equation for amount (which incorporates net inflow into the formula)?

Answer 11

Amount = ∫ Net flow dt

Question 12

Whats the equation for net inflow?

Answer 12

Net inflow= inflow - outflow