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BIOL1011 > Skeletal muscles > Flashcards

Skeletal muscles Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of muscles found in our bodies?

Are they voluntary or involuntary?

Where are they found/ help with?

A

1. Skeletal muscles

voluntary

help with movement, posture and regulating body temperature

2. Smooth muscle

Involuntary

line organs such; stomach, bladder, blood vessels

3. Cardiac muscle

Involuntary

found only in the heart

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2
Q

Whats do all muscles convert?

A

All muscle types convert chemical energy (ATP) into mechanical energy

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3
Q

Define the following…

  1. muscle fasciculus
  2. muscle fibre
  3. myofibril
  4. myosin filament
  5. F-actin filament
  6. Titin filaments
A
  1. Muscle fasciculus: a bundle of muscle fibres
  2. Muscle fibre: cylindrical, multinucleated cells composed of many myofibrils (a myocyte)
  3. Myofibril: The basic rod-like unit of a muscle cell
  4. Myofilaments: the myofibruls thick, thin and elastic filaments
  5. Myosin filament: the thick filament
  6. F-actin filament: the thin filament
  7. Titin filaments: the elastic filaments that run through the core of each thick filament and anchor it to the Z-line
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4
Q

What do the following light/ electron micrographs show. Label the A/I and Z bands

A
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5
Q

What is there an abundance of in muscles and why?

A

There is an abundance of mitochondria and also glycogen granules. These help provide energy but are also energy strores (GG)

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6
Q

Label the myofibril…

A
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7
Q

What band is the mitochondria usually located in, in the myofibril. Why is this the case?

A

It is usually located in the I band close to the parts of the actin and myosin filament that interact during contractions

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8
Q

Whats the sarcomere?

A

A basic unit of striated muscle tissue. It is repeating usually between two Z lines

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9
Q

Whats the sarcoplasmic and endoplasmic reticulums main function?

A

to store calcium

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10
Q

Label the sarcomere…

A
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11
Q

Tell me the steps to the sliding filament theory aka. muscle contraction?

A
  1. ATP binds to myosin. This breaks the cross-bridge between the actin and myosin (ATP-binding decreases the actin-bonding affinity of myosin)
  2. Myosin hydrolyses ATP –> ADP + Pi (the products stay bound to the myosin). Energy from ATP rotates the myosin head to the cocked position. Myosin then binds weakly to actin via a cross-bridge
  3. The Ca2+ signal initiates the power stroke. Here tropomyosin moves off the binding site and allows myosin to bind more strongly. Myosin releases Pi
  4. Myosin releases ADP at the end of the power stroke. The myosin head is bound tightly to the actin in rigor state. The cycle is ready to begin again when more ATP is available
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12
Q

During contraction, what happens to the H, Z, I and A bands?

A
  • H zone becomes smaller
  • Z lines get closer together
  • I band gets smaller
  • A band stays the same length
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13
Q

What two binding sites does a myosin head have?

A

The actin- binding site

The myosin ATPase site (here ATPase and ATP cand bind)

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14
Q

Whats the rough length of a myosin tail?

A

100 nm

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15
Q

Tell me the steps to the initiation of contraction?

A
  1. Ca2+ levels increase in cytosol. One protein of the complex-troponin C- binds reversibly to Ca2+
  2. Ca2+ binds to troponin (TN). The calcium-troponin complex pulls tropomyosin completely away from the actin’s myosin-binding site
  3. Troponin-Ca2+ complex pulls tropomyosin away from actin’s myosin binding site. This enable the myosin heads to form strong, high-force cross-bridges and carry out power strokes
  4. Myosin binds strongly to actin and completes power stroke. This moves the actin filament
  5. Actin filament moves. Contractile cycle repeats as long as binding sites are uncovered
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16
Q

Tell me the steps of how Acetylcholine (ACh) initiates excitation-contraction coupling?

A
  1. Somatic motor neuron releases Ach at neuromuscular junction. The Ach-gated channels when open allow Na+ and K+ to also cross the membrane. Na+ influx exceeds the K+ influx as the electrochemical driving forces for Na+ is greater. The addition of net-positive charge to muscle fibre depolarises the membrane creating an end-plate potential (EPP)
  2. Net entry of Na+ through Ach receptor-channel initiates a muscle action potential. The AP travels across surface of muscle fibre and into t-tubules.
  3. AP in t-tubule alters conformation of DHP receptor (dihydropyridine receptor).
  4. DHP receptors opens RyR (ryanodine receptors) Ca2+ release channels in SR and Ca2+ enters cytoplasm
17
Q

Whats tropomyosin?

Whats causes its release and what does it allow to occur?

A

A protein that binds to an stabalises actin filaments in cells.

In skeletal and cardiac muscle cells, tropomyosin is released after interaction with troponin and calcium, facilitating the binding of actin to myosin that causes muscle contraction.

18
Q

In actin…

  1. What is tropomyosin attached to?
  2. What is troponin attached to?
A
  1. troposyosin is attached to actin
  2. Troponin is attached to tropomyosin
19
Q

What are the steps to the cross-bridge cycle?

A
20
Q

A single power stroke results in what % of the entire muscle shorteneing?

A

only 1%

21
Q

The strength of skeletal muscle contraction can be seperated into what?

A

twitch, summation and tetanus

22
Q

Whats a twitch?

A

A single contraction and relaxation cycle produced by an AP within the muscle fibre itself

23
Q

Whats summation?

A

If another AP is applied before complete relaxation of the twitch, then the next twitch will sum onto the previous twitch

24
Q

Whats Tetanus?

A

When the frequency of the muscle AP increases such that the muscle contraction reaches its peak force and plateaus. At this level, then the contraction is a Tetanus

25
Q

Whats meant by a graded response?

A

A response that increases with the amount of energy supplies as opposed to the reaction brought about by the ALL-OR-NONE LAW

26
Q

What does a motor unit consist of?

A

A nerve and all of the muscle fibres connected to it

27
Q

How many neuromuscular junctions are there per motor unit?

A

only one

28
Q

Does a motor unit show a graded response?

A

yes, the more motor units stimulated, the stronger the muscle contraction and vice versa

29
Q

What determines the size of the motor units?

A

Muscles that control fine movement have small motor units (fingers, eyes)

Muscle that control large weight bearing muscles have large motor units (thighs, arms)

30
Q

Whats the size principle?

A

As greater force is required, the nervous system wil stimulate more motor units, and more motor units with larger fibres and larger numbers of fibres to achieve the desired strength of contraction

BIOL1011 (8 decks)

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