The Renal System Flashcards
1
Q
What happens to Indigestible waste material from food?
A
eliminated from the digestive system as
faeces
2
Q
Elimination of indigestible waste material from food does not involve the…
A
…renal system.
3
Q
cellular respiration uses…
A
… glucose from food to provide energy with co2 as a waste product (removed through exhalation)
4
Q
slide 5
A
5
Q
Functions of the Renal System:
A
Breakdown of proteins and amino acids from food (results in the production of nitrogen).
6
Q
Excretion of nitrogen is closely
linked to…
A
…salt and water balance
7
Q
Excretion of nitrogen is closely
linked to salt and water balance.
The kidneys are also involved in…
A
…regulating these.
8
Q
Under some circumstances,
avoiding dehydration whilst
excreting nitrogenous wastes is
a major problem because….
A
…the body does not have the means to get rid of the nitrogen through urine if not drinking enough.
9
Q
the renal system removes…
A
- Remove nitrogenous waste products
of protein metabolism‒ urea - Remove toxic substances that have
entered the body through the
digestive system‒ drugs (e.g. penicillin) - Remove excess water from the body
and maintain water balance - Remove excess salts from the body ‒ to maintain salt balance
- Remove excess hydrogen ions (H+)
and bicarbonate ions (H2CO3-) ‒ to help maintain acid-base balance.
10
Q
The nitrogenous waste of protein
metabolism is…
A
…ammonia (NH3)
11
Q
Many terrestrial animals convert
ammonia into…
A
…other less toxic forms of nitrogen before eliminating it from their bodies
12
Q
In mammals, ammonia is converted in…
A
…the liver.
13
Q
In mammals, ammonia is converted in the liver into…
A
…urea (CH4N2O)
14
Q
Urea is removed from the body through…
A
…excretion by the kidneys.
15
Q
A pair of kidneys is found in the…
A
…posterior abdomen
16
Q
we have a […] of kidneys
A
a pair
17
Q
A pair of kidneys is found in the
posterior abdomen.
On each side of the…
A
…spine
18
Q
the right kidney is just below the…
A
…liver
19
Q
the left kidney, slgihtly higher, is below the…
A
…spleen
20
Q
The upper parts of the kidneys are
partially protected by…
A
…the lowest ribs
21
Q
Each kidney is surrounded by…
A
…two layers of fat.
22
Q
Why is each kidney surrounded by two layers of fat?
A
Protection (Cushioning)
23
Q
In humans, each kidney is…
A
…bean shaped, 10 cm long, and weights 150g
24
Q
How is blood supplied to the artery?
A
supplied by the renal artery
25
How is blood removed from kidneys?
removed by the renal vein.
26
The ureter carries...
...the final, processed fluid (urine) out of each kidney.
27
The ureter carries the final, processed fluid (urine) out of each kidney.
Then goes to the bladder for...
...storage.
28
The ureter carries the final, processed fluid (urine) out of each kidney.
Then goes to the bladder for storage.
Until....
...eliminated from the body by urination through urethra.
29
The kidney is sub-divided into different sections:
- an outer cortex beneath the kidney's loose outer capsule of connective tissue
- an inner medulla within the cortex, divided
into renal pyramids (10-20 in humans)
- each pyramid empties into a calyx, which empties into the renal pelvis
- the renal pelvis directs urine from the kidney to the bladder via the urete
30
The functional unit of the vertebrate kidneys is the...
... nephron.
31
The functional unit of the vertebrate kidneys is the nephron.
There may only be a few dozen in some...
...small fish
32
The functional unit of the vertebrate kidneys is the nephron.
There may only be a few dozen in some small fish.
More than a million per....
...kidney in some mammals.
33
How many nephrons in each human kidney?
about 1 million
34
What is a nephron?
A specialised tubule for reabsorption and excretion (also referred to as the renal tubule).
35
Each nephron contains...
...a filtering component called the renal corpuscle or Bowman's capsule.
36
Function of renal corpuscle?
The renal corpuscle filters out large solutes from the blood by the process of ultrafiltration. This delivers water and small solutes to the renal tube.
37
- The renal corpuscle filters out large solutes from the blood
- by the process of ultrafiltration
- this delivers water and small solutes to the renal tubule.
- The tubule fluid is then modified through...
...selective reabsorption to produce the final fluid ready for expulsion from the human body.
- Known as urine.
38
afferent = ?
stuff that is arriving.
39
The nephron starts with...
...the renal corpuscle or Bowman's capsule
40
arterioles of the renal artery
enter the...
...Bowmans capsule
41
Arterioles of the renal artery enter the Bowman's capsule.
They split into a fine network of...
... capillaries called the glomerulus.
42
Renal tubule comprises...
- Proximal convoluted tubule
- Loop of Henle with descending and ascending limbs
- Distal convoluted tubule
- Collecting duct.
43
Closely associated with the nephrons is a ...
...network of blood capillaries.
44
Closely associated with the nephrons is
a network of blood capillaries.
This is called...
...the vasa recta.
45
Function of vasa recta?
- They collect reabsorbed substances and water.
- Return them to the body.
46
What occurs in ultrafiltration?
- Fluid is forced out of pores in the glomerulus by blood pressure.
- Enters the Bowmans capsule and the renal tubule by glomerular filtration.
- The fluid includes many small molecules such as glucose and salts
- But no large proteins and red blood cells (normally!)
- The filtrate is similar in composition to blood plasma.
47
The rest of the blood passes into the...
...narrow efferent venule and into the vasa recta.
48
The vasa recta from all nephrons join which form the...
...renal vein.
49
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)?
‒ in humans, this is about 125 ml/min
‒ or about 180 litres/day
50
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) is a ...
... diagnostic test of kidney function.
51
Low GFR indicates...
...kidney failure
52
What is used in GFR diagnostic test?
inulin or creatinine infusion is used
53
How is GFR calculated?
measure how fast inulin and creatinine are excreted to calculate GFR
54
What GFR?
Glomerular Filtration Rate
55
About 99% of the water and solutes filtered in the glomerulus are ...
... reabsorbed
56
About 99% of the water and solutes filtered in the glomerulus are reabsorbed.
These are...
... returned to the body in the next
part of the process.
57
How many litres of urine produced per day in humans?
1-2 litres of urine.
58
GFR is normally...
180 litres/day.
59
The glomerular filtrate contains...
...waste products such as urea and salts (Na+, K+, Cl-, etc).
Also contains molecules small enough to pass through the capillary pores, such as glucose and amino acids.
60
slide 26
61
Equation for excretion?
Excretion = Filtration + Secretion - Reabsorption.
62
slide 27 to 43
63
The secretion of ADH is determined by ...
... a persons state of hydration
64
When dehydrated:
- a person will produce a low volume of concentrated urine
- the urine:plasma ratio will be about 4.0.
65
After drinking lots of water:
- a person will produce a large volume of dilute urine
- the urine:plasma ratio will drop to about 0.1-0.2.
66
In mammals, there nephrons with...
...short loops and long loops.
67
In birds, there are two types of nephrons which are:
‒ mammal-like with Loops of Henle
‒ reptilian nephrons (with no loops)
68
In birds, the ability of a species to concentrate its urine depends on...
...how many nephrons have loops
69
In mammals, the ability of a species to concentrate its urine depends on...
...the ratio of long loops to short loops in their nephrons.
70
Mammals are more efficient at...
...concentrating their urine than birds
71
There is also a correlation between...
...habitat and
the urine concentrating ability of mammals
72
mammals from moist habitats have...
...the lowest urine concentration ability, and those from deserts are the highest.
73
To stay healthy, the kidneys must
keep...
...salt levels below a certain amount.
74
The salt content of sea water is
much higher than...
...what can be processed by the human body
75
Human kidneys can only make
urine...
...less salty than sea water.
76
Therefore to remove the salt from sea water from the body requires...
...more water than is present in the sea water.
77
What is acute kidney failure?
The sudden loss of the ability of the kidneys to remove nitrogenous wastes and concentrate urine without losing electrolytes
78
Causes of renal problems?
‒ Extreme low blood pressure
(e.g. after trauma)
‒ Tubular necrosis
‒ Nephritic septicaemia
‒ Kidney disease
‒ Many others
79
Renal stones are also known as...
...renal calculi
80
Renal stones can be in the...
...kidney or bladder
81
What are renal stones made from?
struvite crystals
82
How are renal stones formed?
Formed within the kidney or urinary tract from calcium, magnesium or ammonium salts.
83
Renal stones are often caused by...
...high dietary protein, high mineral content, stress, urinary tract infection.
84
Symptoms of renal stones?
- incredibly painful
- due to being too big to pass easily through the ducts
- they can also block the duct, increasing the pressure within.
85
Problems caused by Renal Stones (other symptoms):
Other symptoms include:
‒ blood-stained urine
‒ straining to urinate
‒ abdominal distension
‒ in extreme cases, crystals can block the urethra
86
Small stones are often...
...passed naturally, however in some cases surgical removal is required.
87
Ultrasonic waves may be used to...
...break stones down.
88
Renal failure in humans is often treated by ...
...dialysis or organ transplant
89
Donor kidneys is placed in...
...the pelvis, left or right.
90
Donor kidneys are connected to...
... a different blood supply.
91
Nephrectomy is not usually...
...performed in the recipient.
92
Donor kidney inserted into...
...pelvis only.
93
Removal in recipient is an ...
...unnecessary surgical procedure, unless the patient has renal cancer.
94
Having both surgical procedures
performed significantly...
...increases complications (infection risk (suppressive therapy))
95
