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Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology > The Renal System > Flashcards

The Renal System Flashcards

1
Q

What happens to Indigestible waste material from food?

A

eliminated from the digestive system as
faeces

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2
Q

Elimination of indigestible waste material from food does not involve the…

A

…renal system.

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3
Q

cellular respiration uses…

A

… glucose from food to provide energy with co2 as a waste product (removed through exhalation)

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4
Q

slide 5

A
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5
Q

Functions of the Renal System:

A

Breakdown of proteins and amino acids from food (results in the production of nitrogen).

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6
Q

Excretion of nitrogen is closely
linked to…

A

…salt and water balance

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7
Q

Excretion of nitrogen is closely
linked to salt and water balance.

The kidneys are also involved in…

A

…regulating these.

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8
Q

Under some circumstances,
avoiding dehydration whilst
excreting nitrogenous wastes is
a major problem because….

A

…the body does not have the means to get rid of the nitrogen through urine if not drinking enough.

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9
Q

the renal system removes…

A
  • Remove nitrogenous waste products
    of protein metabolism‒ urea
  • Remove toxic substances that have
    entered the body through the
    digestive system‒ drugs (e.g. penicillin)
  • Remove excess water from the body
    and maintain water balance
  • Remove excess salts from the body ‒ to maintain salt balance
  • Remove excess hydrogen ions (H+)
    and bicarbonate ions (H2CO3-) ‒ to help maintain acid-base balance.
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10
Q

The nitrogenous waste of protein
metabolism is…

A

…ammonia (NH3)

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11
Q

Many terrestrial animals convert
ammonia into…

A

…other less toxic forms of nitrogen before eliminating it from their bodies

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12
Q

In mammals, ammonia is converted in…

A

…the liver.

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13
Q

In mammals, ammonia is converted in the liver into…

A

…urea (CH4N2O)

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14
Q

Urea is removed from the body through…

A

…excretion by the kidneys.

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15
Q

A pair of kidneys is found in the…

A

…posterior abdomen

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16
Q

we have a […] of kidneys

A

a pair

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17
Q

A pair of kidneys is found in the
posterior abdomen.

On each side of the…

A

…spine

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18
Q

the right kidney is just below the…

A

…liver

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19
Q

the left kidney, slgihtly higher, is below the…

A

…spleen

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20
Q

The upper parts of the kidneys are
partially protected by…

A

…the lowest ribs

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21
Q

Each kidney is surrounded by…

A

…two layers of fat.

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22
Q

Why is each kidney surrounded by two layers of fat?

A

Protection (Cushioning)

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23
Q

In humans, each kidney is…

A

…bean shaped, 10 cm long, and weights 150g

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24
Q

How is blood supplied to the artery?

A

supplied by the renal artery

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25
Q

How is blood removed from kidneys?

A

removed by the renal vein.

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26
Q

The ureter carries…

A

…the final, processed fluid (urine) out of each kidney.

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27
Q

The ureter carries the final, processed fluid (urine) out of each kidney.
Then goes to the bladder for…

A

…storage.

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28
Q

The ureter carries the final, processed fluid (urine) out of each kidney.
Then goes to the bladder for storage.
Until….

A

…eliminated from the body by urination through urethra.

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29
Q

The kidney is sub-divided into different sections:

A
  • an outer cortex beneath the kidney’s loose outer capsule of connective tissue
  • an inner medulla within the cortex, divided
    into renal pyramids (10-20 in humans)
  • each pyramid empties into a calyx, which empties into the renal pelvis
  • the renal pelvis directs urine from the kidney to the bladder via the urete
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30
Q

The functional unit of the vertebrate kidneys is the…

A

… nephron.

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31
Q

The functional unit of the vertebrate kidneys is the nephron.
There may only be a few dozen in some…

A

…small fish

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32
Q

The functional unit of the vertebrate kidneys is the nephron.
There may only be a few dozen in some small fish.
More than a million per….

A

…kidney in some mammals.

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33
Q

How many nephrons in each human kidney?

A

about 1 million

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34
Q

What is a nephron?

A

A specialised tubule for reabsorption and excretion (also referred to as the renal tubule).

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35
Q

Each nephron contains…

A

…a filtering component called the renal corpuscle or Bowman’s capsule.

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36
Q

Function of renal corpuscle?

A

The renal corpuscle filters out large solutes from the blood by the process of ultrafiltration. This delivers water and small solutes to the renal tube.

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37
Q
  • The renal corpuscle filters out large solutes from the blood
  • by the process of ultrafiltration
  • this delivers water and small solutes to the renal tubule.
  • The tubule fluid is then modified through…
A

…selective reabsorption to produce the final fluid ready for expulsion from the human body.

  • Known as urine.
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38
Q

afferent = ?

A

stuff that is arriving.

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39
Q

The nephron starts with…

A

…the renal corpuscle or Bowman’s capsule

40
Q

arterioles of the renal artery
enter the…

A

…Bowmans capsule

41
Q

Arterioles of the renal artery enter the Bowman’s capsule.
They split into a fine network of…

A

… capillaries called the glomerulus.

42
Q

Renal tubule comprises…

A
  • Proximal convoluted tubule
  • Loop of Henle with descending and ascending limbs
  • Distal convoluted tubule
  • Collecting duct.
43
Q

Closely associated with the nephrons is a …

A

…network of blood capillaries.

44
Q

Closely associated with the nephrons is
a network of blood capillaries.

This is called…

A

…the vasa recta.

45
Q

Function of vasa recta?

A
  • They collect reabsorbed substances and water.
  • Return them to the body.
46
Q

What occurs in ultrafiltration?

A
  • Fluid is forced out of pores in the glomerulus by blood pressure.
  • Enters the Bowmans capsule and the renal tubule by glomerular filtration.
  • The fluid includes many small molecules such as glucose and salts
  • But no large proteins and red blood cells (normally!)
  • The filtrate is similar in composition to blood plasma.
47
Q

The rest of the blood passes into the…

A

…narrow efferent venule and into the vasa recta.

48
Q

The vasa recta from all nephrons join which form the…

A

…renal vein.

49
Q

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)?

A

‒ in humans, this is about 125 ml/min
‒ or about 180 litres/day

50
Q

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) is a …

A

… diagnostic test of kidney function.

51
Q

Low GFR indicates…

A

…kidney failure

52
Q

What is used in GFR diagnostic test?

A

inulin or creatinine infusion is used

53
Q

How is GFR calculated?

A

measure how fast inulin and creatinine are excreted to calculate GFR

54
Q

What GFR?

A

Glomerular Filtration Rate

55
Q

About 99% of the water and solutes filtered in the glomerulus are …

A

… reabsorbed

56
Q

About 99% of the water and solutes filtered in the glomerulus are reabsorbed.
These are…

A

… returned to the body in the next
part of the process.

57
Q

How many litres of urine produced per day in humans?

A

1-2 litres of urine.

58
Q

GFR is normally…

A

180 litres/day.

59
Q

The glomerular filtrate contains…

A

…waste products such as urea and salts (Na+, K+, Cl-, etc).

Also contains molecules small enough to pass through the capillary pores, such as glucose and amino acids.

60
Q

slide 26

A
61
Q

Equation for excretion?

A

Excretion = Filtration + Secretion - Reabsorption.

62
Q

slide 27 to 43

A
63
Q

The secretion of ADH is determined by …

A

… a persons state of hydration

64
Q

When dehydrated:

A
  • a person will produce a low volume of concentrated urine
  • the urine:plasma ratio will be about 4.0.
65
Q

After drinking lots of water:

A
  • a person will produce a large volume of dilute urine
  • the urine:plasma ratio will drop to about 0.1-0.2.
66
Q

In mammals, there nephrons with…

A

…short loops and long loops.

67
Q

In birds, there are two types of nephrons which are:

A

‒ mammal-like with Loops of Henle
‒ reptilian nephrons (with no loops)

68
Q

In birds, the ability of a species to concentrate its urine depends on…

A

…how many nephrons have loops

69
Q

In mammals, the ability of a species to concentrate its urine depends on…

A

…the ratio of long loops to short loops in their nephrons.

70
Q

Mammals are more efficient at…

A

…concentrating their urine than birds

71
Q

There is also a correlation between…

A

…habitat and
the urine concentrating ability of mammals

72
Q

mammals from moist habitats have…

A

…the lowest urine concentration ability, and those from deserts are the highest.

73
Q

To stay healthy, the kidneys must
keep…

A

…salt levels below a certain amount.

74
Q

The salt content of sea water is
much higher than…

A

…what can be processed by the human body

75
Q

Human kidneys can only make
urine…

A

…less salty than sea water.

76
Q

Therefore to remove the salt from sea water from the body requires…

A

…more water than is present in the sea water.

77
Q

What is acute kidney failure?

A

The sudden loss of the ability of the kidneys to remove nitrogenous wastes and concentrate urine without losing electrolytes

78
Q

Causes of renal problems?

A

‒ Extreme low blood pressure
(e.g. after trauma)
‒ Tubular necrosis
‒ Nephritic septicaemia
‒ Kidney disease
‒ Many others

79
Q

Renal stones are also known as…

A

…renal calculi

80
Q

Renal stones can be in the…

A

…kidney or bladder

81
Q

What are renal stones made from?

A

struvite crystals

82
Q

How are renal stones formed?

A

Formed within the kidney or urinary tract from calcium, magnesium or ammonium salts.

83
Q

Renal stones are often caused by…

A

…high dietary protein, high mineral content, stress, urinary tract infection.

84
Q

Symptoms of renal stones?

A
  • incredibly painful
  • due to being too big to pass easily through the ducts
  • they can also block the duct, increasing the pressure within.
85
Q

Problems caused by Renal Stones (other symptoms):

A

Other symptoms include:
‒ blood-stained urine
‒ straining to urinate
‒ abdominal distension
‒ in extreme cases, crystals can block the urethra

86
Q

Small stones are often…

A

…passed naturally, however in some cases surgical removal is required.

87
Q

Ultrasonic waves may be used to…

A

…break stones down.

88
Q

Renal failure in humans is often treated by …

A

…dialysis or organ transplant

89
Q

Donor kidneys is placed in…

A

…the pelvis, left or right.

90
Q

Donor kidneys are connected to…

A

… a different blood supply.

91
Q

Nephrectomy is not usually…

A

…performed in the recipient.

92
Q

Donor kidney inserted into…

A

…pelvis only.

93
Q

Removal in recipient is an …

A

…unnecessary surgical procedure, unless the patient has renal cancer.

94
Q

Having both surgical procedures
performed significantly…

A

…increases complications (infection risk (suppressive therapy))

95
Q
A

Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology (11 decks)

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