Cardiovascular System Flashcards
1
Q
WHole blood is a…
A
…liquid connective tissue
2
Q
Whole blood makes up…
A
…8% of total body weight
3
Q
55% of whole blood is made up of…
A
…blood plasma
4
Q
45% of whole blood is made up of …
A
…formed elements
5
Q
Temperature of whole blood?
A
38 deg celcius
(1oC higher than oral/rectal body temp)
6
Q
WHole blood is 5 times as viscous as…
A
…water
7
Q
WHole blood is slightly…
A
…alkaline
8
Q
Whole blood has three general functions which are…
A
Transportation
Regulation
protection
9
Q
Physiology of Blood:
A
- Blood components
- Plasma
– plasma constituents - Platelets
– blood coagulation and platelets - White cells
– white cell types and functions - Red cells
– haemoglobin and oxygen transport
– red cells and respiratory gas transport
– red cell adaptations to function - Major blood disorders
10
Q
Plasma constituents:
A
Proteins (7%)
Solutes (2%)
-inorganic ions (1%)
-organic compounds and others (1%)
11
Q
Whats the main protein found in plasma?
A
Albumin (60%)
12
Q
Albumin regulates…
A
…colloidal osmotic pressure
13
Q
Albumin maintains…
A
…blood viscosity / volume
14
Q
Albumin is a protein…
A
….reserve in malnutriton
15
Q
Transports of albumin?
A
long-chain fatty acids, sterols, bilirubin
16
Q
What does Albumin do to drugs?
A
- Binds and solubilises drugs
- Binds Ca2+
17
Q
Proteins found in plasma?
A
α & β globulins (~30%)
γ globulins (~5%)
Fibrinogen, prothrombin (~5%)
18
Q
What comes under inorganic ions?
A
- Osmotic pressure
- pH (H+), Na+, K+, Cl-, HCO3-
- Ca2+
19
Q
What comes under organic compounds?
A
1) Nutrients
- glucose, amino acids, lipids
2) MEtabolic wate products
- urea, creatinine, lactic acid
3) Resporatory gases
4) Vitamins
5) Hormones
6) Enzymes.
20
Q
Water is a…
A
…universal solvent
21
Q
Water supplies…
A
…tissues (transporter)
22
Q
Water helps to maintain…
A
…blood volume and pressure
23
Q
Water distributes…
A
…heat around the body.
24
Q
Haemopoiesis starts with …
A
…a pluripotential stem cell
25
In Haemopoiesis, the pluripotential stem cell can...
1) self renew
2) give rise to separate cell lineages via committed haemopoietic progenitors, which are restricted in their developmental potential.
26
Haemopoiesis is the...
...formation of blood cells (poiesis = formation of)
27
one stem cell produces ____ mature blood cells after 20 cell divisions
one stem cell produces 1 million (10^6) mature blood cells after 20 cell divisions
28
precursors capable of responding to ...
...HP growth factors to increase particular cell line
29
Haemopoiesis can be split into...
...3 major blood cell formation pathways
30
Thrombopoiesis is the formation of...
...platelets (thrombocytes)
31
Leucopoiesis is the...
...formation of white blood cells (leucocytes)
32
Erythropoiesis is the...
...formation of a billion (10^12) new red blood cells (erythrocytes) every day.
33
Function of Erythropoietin (EPO) ?
Erythropoietin is a hormone that your kidneys naturally make to stimulate the production of red blood cells
34
Erythropoietin (EPO) is a...
...growth factor
35
Platelets known as...
...thrombocytes
36
Platelets are...
...Small, nearly colourless irregular spindles/oval discs
37
Platelets play an ...
...important role in haemostasis and coagulation
38
Platelets adhere to ...
...damaged lining of blood vessel and each other in 1-5 seconds to form PLATELET PLUG
39
Platelet plugs are...
...rather fragile to begin with
40
encounter of platelets results in creation of ...
...sticky platelets
41
platelets release ...
... several chemicals involved in coagulation process
(ADP, thromboxane, and arachidonic acid)
42
Function of release of ADP, thromboxane, and arachidonic acid by platelets)
Affect local blood flow (vasocon) and platelet aggregation at injury.
43
Platelets are extremely important ...
...in controlling microhaemorrages
44
Thrombopoiesis from ...
...megakaryoblasts and megakaryocytes (early form of thrombocytes)
45
Rupture of megakaryocytes releases...
...2000-3000 platelets
- anucleated (no nucleus)
- limited plasma membrane
- short life span (7 days)
46
Coagulation pathways
powerpoint slides.
47
Neutrophil:
- spherical shape
- multi-lobed nucleus
- small, pink-purple-staining cytoplasmic granules
48
3 types of Polymorphonuclear Granulocytes which are:
1) Neutrophil
2) Eosinophil
3) Basophil
49
Eosinophil:
- spherical shape
- 2-lobed nucleus
- large, orange-red-staining cytoplasmic granules
50
Basophil:
- spherical shape
- 2-lobed nucleus
- large, purple-staining cytoplasmic granules
51
Two types of Agranulocytes whcih are:
1) Lymphocytes
2) Monocytes
52
Lymphocytes:
- spherical shape
- round, single-lobed nucleus
- small lymphocytes – hardly any cytoplasm
53
Monocytes:
- spherical shape
- kidney-bean or horseshoe shaped nucleus
- large, “steel blue” cytoplasm
54
Size of neutrophil?
15um
55
Number of neutrophils ?
60%
56
Function of neutrophil?
Cellular defence - phagocytosis of small pathogenic microorganisms
57
Neutrophil life span?
1-4 days
58
Eosinophil size?
15um
59
Number of eosinophil?
4%
60
Function of eosinophil?
Cellular defence – phagocytosis of large pathogens (parasites, protozoa)
61
Life span of eosinohpil?
10-12 days
62
Basophil size?
15 um
63
Number of Basophil?
>1%
64
Basophil function?
Anti-inflammatory - releases histamine; secretes heparin (anticoagulant)
65
Basophil life span?
1-4 days
66
Monocytes size?
20um
67
Number of monocytes?
6%
68
Monocytes function?
Form tissue macrophages – migrate out of blood - ingest bacteria, cell debris, cancer.
69
size of lymphocytes?
10 um
70
Number of lymphocytes?
30% / 20%
71
Function of lymphocytes?
- B-cells: Ab production
- T-cells: cellular immune response
72
Lifespan of lymphocytes ?
4 years (both B-cells and T-cells)
73
Red corpuscles are over [...] w/w haemoglobin (Hb)
Red corpuscles are over 95% w/w haemoglobin (Hb)
74
Hb is a tetramer of ...
...4 globins
75
Hb transports oxygen via its ...
...four haem groups
76
Each of the 4 globin have its own...
...haem group
77
Each contains...
...Fe2+
78
2,3-diphosphoglycerate site in ...
...deoxyhaemoglobin
79
Red cell size?
8um in diameter
80
Red cell have a very...
...large surface area:volume
81
Shape of red blood cells?
Biconcave disc
82
Red blood cells can change...
...their shape into a smaller cup shape
83
What protein in red blood cells give it flexibility?
Spectrin (protein in stretchable fibres)
84
Constituents of red blood cell?
- Hb
- carbonic anhydrase.
85
Red blood cells have no...
...nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes
86
What are the 3 major blood disorders?
1) Anaemia
2) Haemophilia
3) Leukaemia
87
What is anaemia?
Anaemia is a subnormal amount of circulating haemoglobin
88
What are the symptoms of anaemia?
lethargy, pallor, and breathlessness
89
Treatments of anaemia?
By finding and rectifying the cause.
Eg: iron loss
90
Whats pallor?
an unhealthy pale appearance.
91
Severe anaemia requires...
...a blood transfusion
92
Haemophilia A is a ...
...lack of Factor VIII
93
Haemophilia B is a ...
...lack of Factor IX
94
Symptoms of haemophilia arise from ...
...prolonged bleeding, e.g. into joints
95
Treatments of Haemophilia?
Treatment by the administration of Factor VIII or IX
96
What is leukaemia?
Leukaemia is the uncontrolled proliferation (malignancy) of abnormal white blood cells
97
Symptoms of leukaemia?
infections, anaemia, and bleeding
98
Treatment of leukaemia?
Chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and on occasion, bone marrow transplantation.
99
The heart lies in the...
...mediastinum
100
Whats the heart?
A fist-sized muscular organ
101
The heart contains [...] chambers.
The heart contains 4 chambers.
102
What are the 4 chambers of the heart?
- Right and left atria (receiving chambers)
- Right and left ventricles (pumping chambers)
103
The heart has two...
...functional halves (the right and left side)
104
The two halves is separated by the...
...septum
105
The atria is separated by the...
...an interatrial wall or septum
106
the ventricles are separated by the...
interventricular septum
107
Whats the pericardium?
Membrane that surrounds and protects the heart
108
The pericardium consists of...
...2 main parts
109
The two main part of the pericardium are...
1) fibrous pericardium
- tough connective tissue
2) serous pericardium
- thinner more delicate
110
The serous pericardium is the...
...outer parietal layer (fused to fibrous pericar) and the inner visceral layer.
111
Whats the visceral layer?
- a layer of the heart wall
- adheres tightly to the surface of the heart
112
What is between the outer parietal layer and the inner visceral layer?
thin film of serous fluid
113
the Heart Wall consists of...
...3 layers
114
The 3 layers of the heart wall:
1) epicardium
2) myocardium
≈ 95% of wall
3) endocardium
115
Characteristics of epicardium:
thin, transparent outer layer
116
Characteristics of myocardium?
responsible for pumping action
117
Characteristics of endocardium?
smooth, inner layer
118
Whats systole?
Contraction of heart wall (myocardium)
119
Blood is ejected from ...
...the chamber
120
Whats diastole?
Relaxation of heart wall (myocardium)
121
What happens during diastole?
Blood fills up the chamber
122
Heart valves are composed of...
...dense connective tissue covered by endocardium
123
Four one-way heart valves ensure ...
...the unidirectional flow of blood
124
Pressure differences cause ...
...the opening and closing of these valves
125
When pressure is greater behind the valve...
...it opens
126
Forward pressure gradient =
VALVES OPEN
127
When prressure is greater in front of the valve it...
...closes
128
Backward pressure gradient =
VALVES CLOSE
129
Atrioventricular (AV) Valves prevent...
...backflow from ventricles to atria
130
Types of Atrioventricular (AV) Valves?
tricuspid
bicuspid
131
Semi-lunar Valves prevent...
...backflow from major arteries to ventricles
132
Types of Semi-lunar Valves?
- pulmonary valve between RV and pulmonary arteries
- aortic valve between LV and aorta
133
Describe tricuspid valve?
- (3 cusps or leaflets) between RA and RV
- Right AV valve
134
Describe bicuspid valve?
- (mitral) (2 cusps or leaflets) between LA and LV
- Left AV valve
135
Myocardium =
Cardiac Muscle
136
Cardiac muscle cells (cardiocytes / cardiomyocytes) – unique to ...
...heart
137
Size of cardiac muscle fibre?
- 50-100 µm long, 14 µm in diameter
- one centrally located nucleus is present
138
The cardiac muscle is ...
...Myogenic
139
Explain the cardiac muscle being myogenic.
capable of intrinsic contraction without input from CNS.
140
[...] of cardiac muscle cells is made up of [...]
25% of cardiac muscle cells is made up of mitochondria.
141
Ends of cardiac muscle fibres connect to ...
...neighbouring fibres by irregular transverse thickenings of sarcolemma
142
Adjacent cardiac muscle fibres joined at ...
...intercalated discs
143
intercalated discs contain...
desmosomes
gap junctions
144
desmosomes hold ...
...the cardiac muscle fibres together
145
Functions of gap junctions?
1) allow muscle action potentials to spread (conduct) from one cardiac muscle fibre to its neighbours
2) allow the entire myocardium of the atria or the ventricles to contract as a single, coordinated unit
146
The Conduction System of the Heart is a ...
...life-long rhythmical electrical activity
147
The Conduction System of the Heart is enabled because the cardiac muscle is...
...specialised (with autorythmic fibres).
(SELF EXCITABLE)
148
The cardiac muscle generates...
...action potentials that trigger heart contractions
149
2 important functions of the hearts conduction system:
- act as a pacemaker
- form the cardiac conduction system
150
Cardiac Conduction System provides...
...a path for each cycle of cardiac excitation to progress
151
Cardiac Conduction System ensures...
...Ensures that chambers become stimulated to contract in coordinated way
152
Rhythm controlled by...
...the cardiac conduction system
153
The cardiac cycle includes...
...all the events associated with one heart beat
154
Cardiac cycle consists of...
...systole and diastole of the atria PLUS systole and diastole of the ventricles
155
The atria and ventricles alternatively ...
...contract and relax
- forces blood from high pressure to low pressure areas
156
As a chamber of the heart contracts...
...blood pressure within it increases
157
Each ventricle:
- expels the same volume of blood per beat
- the same pattern exists for both pumping chambers
158
Speed of cardiac cycle?
0.8 sec when heart rate = 75 beats/min
159
Process of cardiac cycle
1) Action potential (electrical impulse) from the SA node
2) Atrial Systole (0.1 seconds)
3) Atria contract (ventricles relaxed)
4) AV valves open
5) Ventricles fill up
6) Semi-lunar valves closed
7) Action potential reaches AV node
8) Ventricular systole (0.3 sec)
9) Ventricles contract
(Atria relaxed = atrial diastole)
10) AV valves forced closed
11) Semi-lunar valves forced open
12) Ejection of blood begins
13) Relaxation period (0.4 sec)
14) Semi-lunar valves close
15) Atria fill up; AV valves closed
160
Blood carried in ...
...closed system of vessels that begins/ends at the heart
161
The three major types of blood vessels are ...
...arteries, capillaries and veins
162
Arteries and veins are composed of ...
...three layers
163
What are the three layers of arteries and veins?
Tunica adventitia (or externa), media, intima.
164
tunica adventitia (externa) (“coat that comes first”) made of...
...strong, flexible (loose) fibrous connective tissue
165
Why is the tunica adventitia made up of this strong and fibrous connective tissue?
Holds vessels open and prevents tearing of the vessel walls during body movements.
166
The tunica adventitia is thicker in....
...arteries than in veins.
167
in arteries, tunica adventitia is usually...
...a little thinner than middle layer
168
in veins, tunica media is the ...
...thickest of the three layers
169
tunica media (“middle coat”) made of...
...a layer of smooth muscle tissue sandwiched together with a layer of elastic connective tissue
170
Smooth muscle in tunica media ...
...permit changes in blood vessel
171
smooth muscle also innervated by ...
...autonomic nerves
172
Smooth muscle in tunica media supplied with blood by...
...tiny vaso vasorum
173
tunica media is generally thicker in...
...arteries than in veins
174
tunica intima (“innermost coat”)
made up of ...
...endothelium
175
tunica intima continuous with...
...endothelium that lines the heart
176
in arteries tunica intima provides completely ...
... smooth lining
177
In veins, tunica intima forms...
...semilunar valves
178
What is lumen?
central blood-containing space that is surrounded by the three tunica
179
As blood vessels decrease in diameter...
... the relative thickness of their walls also decreases
180
there are differences in amounts of...
...tissue components present in arteries and veins
181
4 types of tissue building blocks in blood vessels:
1) Lining endothelial cells
2) Collagen fibres
3) Elastic fibres
4) Smooth muscle cells.
182
Capilleries are composed of...
...a single layer of endothelial cells and sparse basal lamina surrounded by a basement membrane.
183
Why are capillaries thin?
thinness allows for efficient exchange of materials between blood plasma and interstitial fluid of surrounding tissues.
184
Three types of ...
...arteries.
185
Three types of artery whcih are:
Elastic (conducting), muscular (distributing) and arterioles (resistance vessels)
186
Elastic (Conducting) Arteries are the...
...Largest in the body; thick-walled; near the heart
187
Elastic (Conducting) Arteries includes...
...the aorta and some of its major branches
188
all three tunica contain ...
...elastin
189
Why do tunica intima contain elastin?
withstand and smooth out blood pressure fluctuations
190
large lumen allows for...
...low-resistance conduction of blood
191
Elastic (Conducting) Arteries have a ...
...large lumen
192
Elastic (Conducting) Arteries serve as...
...pressure reservoiurs.
193
Muscular (Distributing) Arteries Carry blood ...
...farther away from heart to specific organs/areas
194
Muscular (Distributing) Arteries are smaller in....
...diameter, thicker tunica media, with more smooth muscle
195
Muscular (Distributing) Arteries active in...
...vasoconstriction
196
Arterioles are the...
...Smallest arteries
197
arterioles are critical in...
...blood flow regulation throughout body
198
Arterioels control...
...blood flow into capillary beds via vasodilation and vasoconstriction
199
arterioles help regulate....
...blood pressure
200
Metarteriole is a...
...Short vessel that connects a true arteriole with the proximal end of 20-100 capillaries
201
Metarteriole extends through...
...the capillary bed
202
Proximal ends of metarteriole encircled by...
...regulatory valves.
- Precapillary sphincters
- regulate blood flow
203
Possible for blood passing through a metarteriole into a thoroughfare channel to ...
...bypass capillary bed
204
Capillaries are the ...
...smallest blood vessels
205
Walls of capilleries consist of...
...thin tunica intima
206
Size of capilleries?
One endothelial cell thick
207
Capilleries allow only...
...one rbc to pass at a time
208
What stabilizes capillary walls?
pericytes on the outer surface stabilise their walls
.
209
How many capilleries in human body?
in excess of 1 billion in the body
210
Where are capilleries mostly found in great numbers?
more found in liver and heart than cartilage and epithelium
211
Thin capillary wall allows...
...efficient exchange of nutrients between blood plasma and tissue cells
212
Capilleries are known as...
...primary exchange vessels
213
There are three structural types of capillaries:
Continuous, fenestrated, and sinusoid
214
Describe Continuous (or tight/closed) capillaries
- continuous lining of endothelial cells
- Small openings called intercellular clefts between them.
215
Continuous (or tight/closed) capillaries typically found in...
...skeletal muscle, lung, cns, retina
216
prevent passage of large toxic molecules prevent...
...passage of large toxic molecules
217
Fenestrated (or normal) capillaries also have...
...“small holes” through plasma membrane
218
Fenestrated (or normal) capillaries allow...
...ready exchange of metabolites to kidneys, small intestines.
219
Sinusoid capillaries is a...
...basement membrane incomplete or absent
220
Why do Sinusoid capillaries
have larger pores?
increased permeability in liver and bone marrow.
221
Total exchange surface of capilleries?
>6000m2 of exchange surface in the capillaries
222
Microcirculation = ?
Microcirculation = blood flow through arterioles, capillaries and venules
223
true capillaries receive ...
...blood from metarteriole; return it to thoroughfare channel at distal end
224
How many capilleries per capillary bed?
20-100 capillaries per capillary bed
225
precapillary sphincters regulate ...
...blood volume inflow and rate of passage
226
closed or partially closed =
↓ blood flow into capillary bed
227
blood passes directly through metarteriole to...
...thoroughfare channel, bypassing capillary bed
228
Capillary Beds connects...
...terminal arteriole directly with postcapillary venule
229
Capillary Beds also known as....
...arteriovenous shunt
