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Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

The digestive system is also known as…

A

…the digestory system

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2
Q

What is the GI tract?

A

continuous tube that extends from the mouth to the anus

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3
Q

What does the GI tract travel through?

A

travels through the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

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4
Q

What are the organs of the GI tract?

A

the mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine

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5
Q

The mouth is also known as the…

A

…buccal/oral cavity

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6
Q

What are the accessory digestive organs?

A

the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas

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7
Q

What do teeth aid?

A

physical breakdown of food

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8
Q

What does the tongue assist with?

A

chewing and swallowing

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9
Q

muscles along GI tract organ walls in
state of…

A

…sustained contraction

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10
Q

muscular contractions in wall of GI tract physically breakdown…

A

…food by churning and propulsion.

  • also help dissolve foods by mixing
    with fluids secreted in GI tract.
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11
Q

Role of accessory digestive organs?

A

apart from teeth/tongue, these produce or store secretions.

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12
Q

Accessory digestive organs aid in the…

A

… chemical breakdown of food

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13
Q

What are the basic processes of digestion?

A

1) Ingestion (eating)
2) Secretion (enhances digestion and absorption)
3) Mixing and propulsion (motility)
4) Digestion (mechanical and chemical)
5) Absorption
6) Defaecation (elimination)

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14
Q

Ingestion (eating) involves…

A

…mastication (chewing) and deglutition (swallowing)

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15
Q

What generally happens in secretion?

A

Water, acid, buffers and enzymes (7 litres) secreted into lumen

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16
Q

What generally occurs in mixing and propulsion?

A
  • alternating contractions and relaxations of smooth muscle
    – mix food and secretions and move them toward the anus
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17
Q

What generally occurs in digestion?

A

breakdown ingested food into smaller molecules

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18
Q

What generally occurs in absorption?

A

– products of digestion enter epithelial cells lining GI tract lumen
– pass into blood or lymph and circulate to cells throughout body

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19
Q

What generally occurs in defaecation (elimination)?

A

– removal of waste, indigestible and unabsorbed material via anus

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20
Q

Frenulum is latin for…

A

…‘small bridle’

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21
Q

What is the Frenulum?

A

Fold of connective tissue that secures/
restricts the motion of soft tissue organs.

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22
Q

What does the lingual frenula do?

A

attaches inferior and superior lips to gums

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23
Q

What does the lingual frenulum do?

A

limits movement of the tongue posteriorly

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24
Q

What is the Palatine Uvula?

A

Projection of soft palate made up of connective tissue and muscle

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25
Q

Role of Palatine Uvula?

A

Articulation of some sounds

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26
Q

What is the tongue composed of?

A

skeletal muscle covered with mucous
membrane.

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27
Q

Each half of the tongue consists of…

A

…identical complement of extrinsic (EM) and intrinsic muscles (IM).

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28
Q

What do extrinsic muscles (EM) do?

A

EM move tongue from side to side & in and out to manoeuver food for chewing and swallowing.

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29
Q

What do intrinsic muscles (IM) do?

A

IM alter shape and size of tongue for speech and swallowing.

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30
Q

Primary role of the tongue?

A

Gustation (Taste)

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31
Q

How many primary tastes of the tongue?

A

5

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32
Q

Taste is detected by…

A

… taste buds

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33
Q

Where are most taste buds located?

A

most located in papillae

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34
Q

Upper and lateral surfaces of
tongue covered with…

A

…papillae

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35
Q

Projections of lamina propria covered with…

A

…stratified squamous epithelium

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36
Q

What do many papillae contain?

A
  • Taste buds
  • Receptors for touch and food.
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37
Q

Lingual (von Ebner’s) glands secrete…

A

…both mucous and watery serous fluid

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38
Q

What are von Ebner’s glands ?

A

Lingual glands

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39
Q

Lingual (von Ebner’s) glands secrete both mucous and watery serous fluid.

What does this contain?

A
  • lingual lipase
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40
Q

Lingual (von Ebner’s) glands secrete both mucous and watery serous fluid.
Contains lingual lipase. This acts on…

A

…as much as 30% of dietary triglycerides (fats/oils).

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41
Q

The lingual lipase converts…

A

…to simpler fatty acids and diglycerides

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42
Q

How many pairs of salivary glands?

A

3 pairs - not all supply the same ignrediants.

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43
Q

What are the different salivary glands?

A
  • Parotid glands
  • Submandibular glands
  • Sublingual glands.
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44
Q

What do the parotid glands secrete?

A
  • watery (serous) liquid
  • Salivary amylase
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45
Q

What do the submandibular glands secrete?

A
  • amylase fluid thickened with mucous
  • mucins, lysozyme and bicarbonates
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46
Q

What do sublingual salivary glands secrete?

A
  • mostly mucous.
  • Mucins, lysozyme and bicarbonates.
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47
Q

What is saliva chemically made up of?

A

Chemically made up of 99.5% water and 0.5% solutes.

These solutes are:
- ions (sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate)
- dissolved gases (urea and uric acid; mucous; immunoglobulin (Ig) A/
- salivary amylase (enzyme that acts on starch); lysozyme (bacteriolytic enzyme)

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48
Q

How much saliva is secreted daily?

A

On average, 1.0-1.5 litres of saliva are secreted daily.

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49
Q

What is salivation controlled by?

A

Salivation is controlled by autonomic nervous system

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50
Q

Secretion is a reflex response to…

A

… taste bud stimulation

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51
Q
  • Salivation is controlled by autonomic nervous system
  • Secretion is a reflex response to taste bud stimulation
  • Also stimulated by the brain in response to…
A

… smell, sight, sound or thought of food.

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52
Q

What is mumps caused by?

A

papamyxovirus

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53
Q

Mumps is also known as…

A

…Epidemic parotitis

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54
Q

Mumps typically attacks…

A

…the parotid glands

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55
Q

Mumps involves…

A

…inflammation and enlargement

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56
Q

What are the symptoms of mumps?

A

Fever, malaise, extreme pain in throat

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57
Q

Mechanical breakdown of food is carried out by…

A

…chewing (teeth in oral cavity)

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58
Q

Enzymatic breakdown begins with…

A

…salivary enzymes

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59
Q

What do salivary enzymes get released from?

A

released from the salivary glands; enter oral cavity via same-named ducts

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60
Q

Main goal of oral cavity?

A

to prepare a food bolus suitable for deglutition.

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61
Q

Chewed food, mixed with saliva, is formed into…

A

… a bolus

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62
Q
  • Chewed food, mixed with saliva, is formed into a bolus.
  • Moved to the back of the mouth for…
A

…swallowing

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63
Q

During swallowing, the epiglottis moves…

A

…downward

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64
Q

During swallowing, the epiglottis moves downward
- This prevents the food bolus from…

A

…entering the trachea (windpipe).

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65
Q
  • Chewed food, mixed with saliva, is formed into a bolus
  • Moved to the back of the mouth for deglutition (swallowing)
  • During swallowing, the epiglottis moves downward – prevents the food bolus from entering the trachea (windpipe)
  • The food bolus then enters the…
A

…oesophagus

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66
Q
  • Chewed food, mixed with saliva, is formed into a bolus
  • Moved to the back of the mouth for deglutition (swallowing)
  • During swallowing, the epiglottis moves downward– prevents the food bolus from entering the trachea (windpipe)
  • The food bolus then enters the oesophagus
  • Food is moved down the oesophagus and into…
A

… the stomach

  • achieved by muscular waves of contraction known as peristalsis
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67
Q

Describe the mechanism of swallowing.

A

1) Chewed food, mixed with saliva, is formed into a bolus.
2) It is moved to the back of the mouth
for deglutition (swallowing).
3) During swallowing, the epiglottis moves downward to prevent the food bolus from entering the trachea.
4) Food is moved down the oesophagus to the stomach by muscular waves of contraction (peristalsis).

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68
Q

Describe Peristalsis in the Oesophagus.

A

1) The lower oesophageal sphincter relaxes and the bolus moves into the stomach.
2) A progression of coordinated contractions and relaxations of the circular and longitudinal layers of the muscularis push the bolus onward.

69
Q

What are the four regions of the stomach?

A

cardia, fundus, body and the pyloric part

70
Q

Functions of the stomach?

A
  • mixing saliva, food and gastric juice to form chyme
  • serving as a reservoir (store) for food before release into small intestine (SI)
  • secreting gastric juice
  • secreting gastrin into blood
  • controlling passage of food into SI
71
Q

Describe secretion of gastric juice in the stomach.

A

Secreting gastric juice, which contains
HCl(kills bacteria & denatures proteins),
pepsin(begins the digestion of proteins),
intrinsic factor(aids vit. B12absorption)
and gastric lipase (aids digestion of triglycerides).

72
Q

Whats the stomach wall composed of?

A

Stomach wall composed of same basic layers as rest of GI tract.

– mucosa, submucosa, muscularis (muscle layers) and serosa

73
Q

What are the different muscle layers of the stomach?

A

– mucosa, submucosa, muscularis (muscle layers) and serosa

74
Q

When the stomach is empty, the mucosa lies in …

A

…large folds or rugae.

75
Q

Epithelial cells extend down in the mucosa to form…

A

…columns of secretory cells

– gastric glands

76
Q

Several gastric glands open into…

A

…bottom of narrow channels.

  • gastric pits
77
Q

In the stomach, secretions flow from…

A

…glands -> pits -> lumen of stomach.

78
Q

How many types of exocrine glands cells are found in gastric glands?

A

Three types.

79
Q

Three types of exocrine gland cells found in gastric glands…

A

…secrete their products into stomach lumen

80
Q

The main stomach cells directly involved with digestion are:

A
  1. Mucous-secreting cells
  2. Gastric Chief Cells (AKA Gastric Zymogenic Cells)
  3. Parietal cells
81
Q

How much absorption is there in the stomach?

A

Limited absorption occurs in the stomach.

82
Q

What is absorbed in the stomach?

A

water, salts, alcohol and certain drugs (e.g., aspirin, thiopental, secobarbital)

83
Q

How does the stomach help to digest food?

A

Mixes and partially digests food

84
Q

In the stomach, mixing mainly occurs in the…

A

… lower region of the stomach (the pylorus)

85
Q

After 3.5 – 4.0 hours, the partially digested food (now called chyme) is released into…

A

…small intestine

86
Q

Whats chyme?

A

partially digested food.

87
Q

Causes of gastritis?

A
  • Alcohol
  • Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
  • Traumatic injury
  • Infection – Helicobacter pylori
  • Chronic bile reflux
  • Stress
88
Q

What occurs in the small intestine?

A

Most digestion and absorption of nutrients occurs in small intestine.

89
Q

Most digestion and absorption of nutrients occurs in small intestine.

Structure is therefore…

A

…specially adapted

90
Q

Length of the small intestine provides…

A

… large surface area (SA).

91
Q

Surface area of small intestine is further increased by…

A

…circular folds, villi and microvilli.

92
Q

Where does the small intestine begin?

A

Begins at pyloric sphincter of the stomach.

93
Q

The small intestine coils through…

A

… central and inferior part of abdominal cavity

94
Q

The small intestine eventually opens up into…

A

…caecum of large intestine

95
Q

Small intestine divided into…

A

… three regions.

96
Q

Small intestine is divided into 3 regions which are:

A

1) Duodenum
2) Jejunum
3) Ileum

97
Q

Length of jejunum?

A

2 - 3 m

98
Q

Main functions of jejunum?

A

1) Digestion
2) Absorption (Carbohydrates, amino acids, lipids, water and fat soluble compounds)

99
Q

Function of ileum?

A

1) Absorption of vitamin B12, bile salts, nutrients not absorbed in the jejunum.

100
Q

What is the small intestine wall made up of?

A

Same four layers as most of GI tract

101
Q

Small intestine epithelial layer of mucosa consists of…

A

…simple columnar epithelium

102
Q

What does the simple columnar epithelium consist of?

A

Many types of cells:
1) Absorptive cells
2) Goblet cells
3) Enteroendocrine cells
4) Paneth cells

  • Each of these cells has a specific function in the small intestine.
103
Q

Function of absorptive cells?

A
  • release enzymes that digest food
  • contain microvilli that absorb nutrients found in small intestinal chyme
104
Q

Function of goblet cells?

A

secrete mucous

105
Q

Function of enteroendocrine cells?

A

Produce S cells (secretin)
Produce CCK cells (cholecytokinin)
Produce K cells (glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP))

106
Q

Function of Paneth cells?

A

secrete lysozyme and capable of phagocytosis; regulate microbial pop. in SI

107
Q

Enterocytes are intestinal…

A

…absorptive cells.

108
Q

What are enterocytes?

A

Simple, columnar epithelial cells found in the small intestines and colon

109
Q

Enterocytes are also …

A

… Microvilli on the apical surface

110
Q

Enterocytes increase…

A

…surface area for digestion and transport of molecules from intestinal lumen.

111
Q

Pancreas lies posterior to…

A

… the greater curvature of the stomach

112
Q

The pancreas consists of a…

A

… head, body, and tail

113
Q

the pancreas is usually connected to the duodenum by…

A

…two ducts

114
Q

the pancreas is usually connected to the duodenum by two ducts which are…

A

1) Pancreatic (duct of Wirsung)
2) Accessory

115
Q

Whats the pancreatic duct known as?

A

duct of Wirsung

116
Q

Pancreatic juice enters the small intestine via…

A

…pancreatic (duct of Wirsung) and accessory ducts.

117
Q

The pancreas has […] and […] functions

A

The pancreas has endocrine and exocrine functions.

118
Q

Whats responsible for the exocrine functions of the pancreas?

A

Pancreatic acini

119
Q

Whats responsible for the endocrine functions of the pancreas?

A

Islets of Langerhans

120
Q

Describe exocrine functions of pancreas (pancreatic acini) (SI cavity)

A
  • Pancreatic juice
  • Sodium bicarbonate
121
Q

Describe endocrine functions of pancreas (islets of langerhans + blood)

A
  • Glucagon
  • Insulin
  • Somatostatin
  • Pancreatic polypeptide
122
Q

Whats glucagon secreted by?

A

secreted by alpha cells

123
Q

Whats insulin secreted by?

A

beta cells.

124
Q

Whats somatostatin secreted by?

A

delta cells

125
Q

Whats pancreatic polypeptide secreted by?

A

gamma cells.

126
Q

The liver is involved in…

A

… nutrient metabolism

127
Q

Two types of nutrient metabolism in the liver?

A

Anabolic and Catabolic

128
Q

Example of anabolic metabolism?

A

gluconeogenesis (glucose from pyruvate)

129
Q

Example of catabolic metabolism?

A

glycogenolysis (glycogen to glucose)

130
Q

What does the liver secrete?

A

Secretes bile -> bile salts

131
Q

Function of bile?

A

Fat emulsification

132
Q

What does the liver synthesise?

A

Synthesizes blood proteins and clotting proteins

133
Q

What does the liver store?

A

Stores minerals (Fe, Cu) and vitamins (A, D, E, K, B12)

134
Q

The liver converts…

A

…ammonia to urea for excretion

135
Q

What does the liver break down?

A
  • Breaks down some types of bacteria (immune cells)
  • Breaks down worn out erythrocytes
136
Q

What is the liver divided into…

A

… two principal lobes; large right lobe and smaller left lobe.

137
Q

Hepatocytes are the…

A

… major functional cells of the liver

138
Q

Hepatocytes perform a wide array of…

A

…metabolic, secretory and endocrine functions

139
Q

Grooves are in the…

A

… cell membranes

140
Q

Grooves in the cell membranes provide…

A

…spaces for canaliculi

141
Q

What colour is bile and what state is it in?

A

a yellow, brownish, or olive green liquid

142
Q

What is bile secreted into?

A

Into grooves in the cell membranes

143
Q

Bile serves as both an…

A

…excretory product and a digestive secretion.

144
Q

Bile duct + branch of hepatic artery and vein = ?

A

Bile duct + branch of hepatic artery + vein = portal triad

145
Q

What makes up the portal triad?

A

Bile duct + branch of hepatic artery + vein

146
Q

Enzymes of oral cavity responsible for carbohydrate digestion?

A
  • Salivary amylase
  • Dextrins
  • Maltose
147
Q

Enzymes of small intestine (lumen) responsible for carbohydrate digestion?

A
  • Pancreatic amylase
148
Q

Enzymes of small intestine (brush border) responsible for carbohydrate digestion?

A
  • Maltase
  • Lactase
  • Sucrase
149
Q

What does maltase break down maltose into?

A

glucose

150
Q

What does lactase break down lactose into?

A

glucose + galactose

151
Q

What does sucrase break down sucrose into?

A

glucose + fructose

152
Q

Products of digestion of carboydrates and proteins exit through…

A

…Intestinal capillaries & hepatic portal system to liver

153
Q

What breaks down proteins in the stomach?

A

Pepsin

154
Q

What does pepsin break down protein into?

A

Peptones and proteoses

155
Q

What enzymes break down proteins in the small intestine (lumen)?

A

Trypsin and chymotrypsin (into peptones and proteoses)

156
Q

What enzymes break down proteins in the small intestine (brush border)?

A

carboxypeptidases and aminopeptidases

157
Q

What do carboxypeptidases and aminopeptidases break down proteins into?

A

Dipeptides

158
Q

What breaks down dipeptides in the small intestine (brush border)?

A

dipeptidases

159
Q

Dipeptidases break down dipeptides into…

A

… amino acids.

160
Q

What enzymes break down fat in the oral cavity?

A

lingual lipase?

161
Q

What enzymes break down fat in the stomach?

A

gastric lipase

162
Q

What enzymes break down small fat droplets in small intestine (lumen)?

A

Pancreatic lipase

163
Q

Product of fat digestion?

A

chylomicrons

164
Q

Chylomicrons are excreted through the…

A

… Lymphatic system and hepatic portal system to liver

165
Q

The large intestine (bowel or colon) is the …

A

…final stages of digestion and absorption

166
Q

Whats found in the large intestine?

A

gut microbiota

167
Q

Gut microbiota is also known as?

A

intestinal flora

168
Q

Main regions of the large intestine?

A
  1. Caecum (not well developed)
  2. Appendix (not well developed)
  3. Ascending colon
  4. Transverse colon
  5. Descending colon
  6. Sigmoid colon  water absorption
  7. Rectum
  8. Anus

Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology (11 decks)

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