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Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology > Cells and Tissues > Flashcards

Cells and Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

What are eukaryotic cells?

A

Cells which have visibly evident nuclei and organelles

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2
Q

DNA contained within…

A

…a nucleus and mitochondria - contained within bundles (chromosomes ) in a membrane bound nucleus

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3
Q

Eukaryotic cells reproduce by…

A

…Mitosis and meiosis

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4
Q

Cells can be specialised to…

A

…certain functions.

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5
Q

Cells are grouped into…

A

…specialised tissues.

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6
Q

Cells are the basic living units of…

A

…all animals

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7
Q

Most biochemical reactions that sustain life…

A

…take place inside cells.

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8
Q

Plasma membrane typically made up of…

A

…phospholipid bilayer and protein molecules which are partially or wholly embedded within it.

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9
Q

Phospholipids contain hydrophillic head which…

A

…attracts water (water soluble) and hydrophobic tails which repel water.

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10
Q

Main types of hormones are

A

…lipid soluble and water soluble

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11
Q

The plasma membrane seperates the …

A

…internal and external environment of the cell

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12
Q

The plasma membrane contains and protects…

A

…cell contents

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13
Q

The plasma membrane regulates the passage of …

A

…molecules in and out of the cells via passive diffusion and osmosis and transmembrane protein channels and transporters and endocytosis and exocytosis, in addition to many other functions.

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14
Q

Extracellular = ?

A

outside the cell

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15
Q

Intracellular = ?

A

inside of the cell.

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16
Q

The shape of the red blood cell is

A

bi-concave

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17
Q

Cytoplasm is clear fluid which…

A

…fills most of the cell volume

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18
Q

Cytoplasma maintains…

A

…cell shape

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19
Q

Cytoplasm stores…

A

chemicals for cellular metabolism

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20
Q

What does the cytoplasm contain

A

Contains ions and RNA and soluble macromolecules (such as proteins enzymes), and Salts

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21
Q

Whats the cytosol?

A

aqueous part of the cytoplasm, within which various particles and organelles are suspended

…is therefore the fluid portion of the cytoplasma exclusive of organelles and membranes

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22
Q

Typical pH of cytosol is…

A

…7.0 - 7.4

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23
Q

Cytosol makes up…

A

…70% of the total volume of a typical cell

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24
Q

Cytosol is made up of…

A

…water and ions

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25
Difference between cytosol and cytoplasm?
26
Cytoskeleton is comprises...
...protein filaments and microtubules that criss-cross the cell from membrane to membrane
27
Cytoskeleton aids...
...cell shape, cell motion, intracellular transport, cell division.
28
The cytoskeleton can be viewed using...
...Immunofluorescence
29
The nucleus is surrounded by...
nuclear envelope with pores which allows movement of small, specific molecules and ions.
30
Dna is contained in the nucleus, and the Dna contains...
...genes organised as chromosomes
31
Chromatin is a complex of...
...DNA and proteins (histones) and RNA.
32
What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)?
Network of membranous tubules and sacs (cisternae) which are continuous with the nuclear envelope.
33
Whats ER the abbrveiation for?
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
34
Rough ER is due to the presence of...
...ribosomes
35
Smooth ER lacks the...
...presence of ribosomes.
36
Rough ER is mainly involved in….
...the production and processing of proteins
37
Ribosomes assemble...
...amino acids into protein units.
38
Smooth ER has a variety of different functions which are...
- in muscle, it stores calcium - in glands, it synthesises lipids and steroids - in the liver, it metabolises carbohydrates
39
What does the golgi apparatus comprise?
Comprises stacks of flattened, membrane-bound sacs, known as cisternae.
40
The golgi apparatus receive...
...molecules from the ER in vesicles - Enzymatically modifies and tags the molecules that are delivered to the golgi apparatus.
41
How many haemoglobin molecules produced per second?
100 trillion
42
Ribosomes are involved in...
...transcription and translation
43
The Golgi Apparatus is known as the...
..."post office of the cell"
44
Why is the golgi apparatus known as ..."post office of the cell"?
Send them to other areas of the cell or exports from the cell for distribution to where they are needed in the body.
45
Lysosomes are derived from the...
...golgi apparatus
46
Lysosomes filled with...
...hydrolytic enzymes from the ER to break down cells.
47
Lysosomes act as a cells...
...digestive system
48
Lysosomes enzymes break down ...
...macro-molecules, bacteria and damaged organelles - This allows the cell to re-use these components.
49
THe mitochondria are known as...
"power plants" of the cell.
50
The mitochondria contain there own...
...mitochondrial DNA
51
Because mitochondria contain there own mitochondrial DNA, they can therefore...
...replicate independently from the cell in response to the cell’s and body’s energy needs
52
Mitochondria are required to...
...drive respiration
53
Active cells that use a lot of ATP will have...
...a large number of mitochondria.
54
May see an increase in the number of mitochondria in ...
...muscle cells.
55
Lots of mitochondria and ATP function in the...
...heart and liver.
56
Aerobic respiration is the conversion of...
...a substrate and O2 into H2O, CO2, ATP and heat via the Krebs Cycle, and respiratory (electron transport) chain.
57
Cells are arranged into...
...specialised tissues / organs which carry out specific functions.
58
What is Histology?
branch of biology which studies the microscopic structure of tissues and organs.
59
What are tissues?
A group of closely associated cells that work together to perform a specific function
60
What are the four basic types of tissue?
1) Epithelial tissue 2) Connective tissue 3) Muscular tissue 4) Nervous tissue - many subtypes of these tissues.
61
How many types of basic tissue are there?
Four
62
Main functionality of the epithelial tissue?
Protects the body by covering all free surfaces and lining the body cavities
63
What is the Subspecialisation of the Epithelial Tissues?
lining of glands, bowel, skin and some organs (lungs, urinary tract)
64
Example of simple squamous epithelium ?
lungs
65
Example of columnar epithelium =
Intestines
66
Why are simple squamous epithelium in the lungs thin?
They are thin to allow for a short diffusion distance. We want efficient oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange. Disadvantage of this is that they are easy to break.
67
Advantage of columnar epithelium?
Allow for an increased surface area.
68
Epithelial Tissues can be...
...'Covering and lining’ tissues and ‘Glandular’ tissues - Can be single or multi layered - Have apical (top) and basal (bottom) surfaces.
69
Epithelial Tissues are typically ...
...avascular or poorly vascularised (has a very poor blood supply, allowing for diffusion)
70
Epithelial Tissues do possess a ...
... nerve supply.
71
Epithelial Tissues are highly...
...mitotic (replicate alot) which is useful for self repair.
72
What are the functions of epithelial tissues?
Protection Filtration Lubrication Absorption Digestion Secretion Sensory perception
73
Describe the protection function of epithelial tissue?
tends to be multi-layered protects underlying tissues, where there is wear and tear
74
Describe the filtration function of epithelial tissue
blood filtration, gaseous diffusion, site of secretion
75
Describe the absorption function of epithelial tissue
small intestines, kidneys
76
Describe the digestion function of epithelial tissue
salivary glands, stomach lining, pancreas.
77
Describe the secretion function of epithelial tissue
multiple parts of the body, multiple reasons/functions.
78
Describe the sensory perception function of epithelial tissue
Smell hearing vision touch
79
FUnction of Connective Tissue?
1) Holds parts of the body together - supports and protects organs 2) Subspecialisation - May contain collagen and elastic fibres in different amounts 3) Have a number of specialised cells
80
Connective Tissues are the most...
...abundant body tissues
81
Connective tissues bind...
...cells and organs together
82
Connective tissues contain ...
three basic elements (cells, ground substance, and fibres)
83
Connective tissues are highly...
...vascular (have a good blood supply) - apart from cartilage, tendons, and ligaments.
84
Connective tissues a nerve supply...
...except for cartilage
85
Connective tissues do not occur on...
...free surfaces.
86
Connective tissues Matrix usually secreted by ...
...connective tissue cells - may be fluid, semi-fluid, gelatinous, fibrous or calcified
87
Connective tissue cells have varied...
...functionality.
88
Three types of connective tissue cells?
Fibroblasts Adipocytes Reticular cells
89
Function of reticular cells (reticular fibres)?
supporting mesh in soft tissues (liver, bone marrow, lymphatic nodes, etc.)
90
Function of fibroblasts?
synthesise collagens, glycosaminoglycans, elastic fibres, glycoproteins (extracellular matrix)
91
Function of adipocytes?
lipid storage
92
What are Chondrocytes?
cartilage cells
93
What are Osteocytes?
bone cells
94
Role of spongy bone?
absorbs water very well
95
Function of macrophages?
perform phagocytosis
96
Functin of plasma cells?
secrete antibodies
97
Function of mast cells?
produce histamine
98
WHat are the three types of muscular tissue?
- Smooth - Cardiac - Skeletal
99
Two types of contraction in muscles?
Voluntary and involuntary Smooth muscle = involuntaty Cardiac = involuntary Skeletal = voluntary
100
Nervous tissue transmits...
...information
101
Nervous tissue receive...
...Receive chemical and electrical stimuli
102
Nervous tissue controls...
... the actions of muscles and glands
103
Different types of nervous tissue?
Two types: 1) Myelinated axons (have a myelin sheathe around them) Produces White matter 2) Non myelinated axons which produce grey matter

Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology (11 decks)

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