The Public Health "Obesity Epidemic,"

Question 1

what is obesity

Answer 1

The term obese describesa personwho’s very overweight, with a lot of body fat.
- this is when you have an BMI of over 30

Question 2

How many people does obesity effect

Answer 2

1 in every 4 adults and around 1 in every 5 children aged 10 to 11.

Question 3

How can you prevent obesity

Answer 3

Lifestyle change

• Exercise
• Diet
• Smoking

Communication
Self-management

Question 4

How many adults are obese

Answer 4

28.1% of adults clinically obese with BMI > 30.

Question 5

How is obesity increasing

Answer 5

In 2014 62% of adults in England were classified as overweight (a body mass index of 25 or above) or obese, compared to 53% 20 years earlier.

Question 6

How many women and men are overweight or obese

Answer 6

More than two-thirds of men and almost six in 10 women are overweight or obese.

Question 7

by 2020 how many people in the population are predicted to be obese

Answer 7

By 2020 1/3 UK population could be obese

Question 8

What is obesity fuelled by

Answer 8

• economic growth,
• industrialization
• mechanized transport,
• urbanization,
• an increasingly sedentary lifestyle
• a nutritional transition to processed foods and high calorie diets over the last 30 years

Question 9

Where is the UK in terms of obesity

Answer 9

UK – WHO 2014 – UK ranked 40th in the world

Question 10

What causes obesity

Answer 10

Increased intake of energy-dense foods high in fat and sugars;

Increase in physical inactivity due to the increasingly sedentary nature of many forms of work, changing modes of transportation, and increasing urbanization.

Question 11

what are changes in physical inactivity and diet due to

Answer 11

• environmental and societal changes associated with development and lack of supportive policies in sectors such as health, agriculture, transport, urban planning, environment, food processing, distribution, marketing, and education.

Question 12

where do the vast majority of overweight or obese children live

Answer 12

The vast majority of overweight or obese children live in developing countries, where the rate of increase has been more than 30% higher than that of developed countries

Question 13

What is malnutrition

Answer 13

lack of proper nutrition, caused by not having enough to eat, not eating enough of the right things, or being unable to use the food that one does eat

Question 14

How many people are overweight and how many of them are clinically obese

Answer 14

> 1 billion adults are overweight & 300 million of them are clinically obese.
Current obesity levels range from below 5% in China, Japan and certain African nations, to over 75% in urban Samoa. China - rates are almost 20% in some cities.

Question 15

What is childhood obesity worldwide

Answer 15

17.6 million children under five overweight worldwide.

Question 16

How much does obesity cost

Answer 16

Obesity accounts for 2-6% of total health care costs in several developed countries; some estimates put the figure as high as 7%.

Question 17

What conditions is obesity related to

Answer 17

Obesity is related to some of the leading causes of death, including heart disease, some cancers, stroke, and type 2 diabetes.

Question 18

Why is obesity characterized as epidemic and disease

Answer 18

• gain research funding = diseases get more funding for research
• reduce prevalence of conditions
• reduce stigma

Question 19

What does the disease label do for people who have obesity

Answer 19

• disease label reduces feeling of personal responsibility among the obese & therefore discourage healthy self-regulation
• can also increase the stigma that they feel

Question 20

What is the biggest myth in healthcare

Answer 20

• The biggest myth in healthcare is that obesity is a self induced problem cured by eating less and getting more exercise.
• Despite decades of treating obesity with traditional methods of dieting and exercise, progress has not been made.

Question 21

Why is not blaming patients important

Answer 21

Challenges to practice

Reduced efficacy of treatment

Potential to alienate & shame patients

Increase likelihood of inadvertently increasing
eating habits that produced this situation in the first place

Hard work of self-management needs to be acknowledged

Still don’t know the full mechanisms of what causes obesity

Question 22

what are the conceptual challenges for obesity

Answer 22

Globally, nationally and locally – what causes obesity in some lower income countries may not be the same as in other higher income countries, & locally

Socioeconomic and political economic basis for societies – food regulation laws, food insecurity, malnutrition

Sustainable development & Climate change – different ways of growing & consuming food needed

Question 23

What is lifestyle drift

Answer 23

Lifestyle drift refers to both: policy initiatives for tackling ‘inequalities in health that start off with a broad social determinants (upstream) approach but drift downstream to largely individual lifestyle factors’, and. a general tendency to implement individual behavioural interventions.

Question 24

What is the residual conversion model

Answer 24

the social and the individual are linked

• individual factors impinge on social factors and social factors impinge on individual factors
• also the cycles we go on for blaming the individual and social thing that the individual is in

Question 25

What is the UK doing for the obesity epidemic

Answer 25

Food-based standards to be mandatory in all UK hospitals

A ban on new fast food outlets being located close to schools and colleges

A duty on all sugary soft drinks, increasing the price by at least 20%, to be piloted

Traffic light food labelling to include calorie information for children and adolescents – with * visible calorie indicators for restaurants, especially fast food outlets

£100m in each of the next three years to be spent on increasing provision of weight management services across the country

A ban on advertising of foods high in saturated fats, sugar and salt before 9pm

Existing mandatory food- and nutrient-based standards in England to be statutory

Question 26

How are obesity and income linked

Answer 26

• there is no obvious relationship with obesity and income but it depends on which sex you are talking about
• women tend to be more obese if they have a lower income

Question 27

why in lower income countries is people with higher socioeconomic factors likely to be obese whereas those in higher income countries people with higher socioeconomic status less likely to be obese

Answer 27

It may be that in lower-income countries, higher SES leads to consuming high-calorie food and avoiding physically tough tasks.

But in higher-income countries, individuals with higher SES may respond with healthy eating and regular exercise.

Question 28

what does obesity vary with

Answer 28

• ethnicity
• socioeconomic status and country development
• income
• PTSD
• different cell types and inflammation can be associated with obesity - this can be linked to stress and poverty and income

Question 29

How can health care bias effect obese patients

Answer 29

Misdiagnosis – autoimmune diseases, cancer, endocrine disorders, multiple sclerosis,

Ineffective treatments

Judgment and consequent bias towards different approaches

Disgust, anger, blame and dislike, awkwardness, unattractiveness, ugliness and non-compliance can be noticed by patients

Question 30

what is weight stigma positively associated with

Answer 30

Weight stigma positively associated with anxiety and depression, as well as social-isolation

Question 31

Name some examples of weight discrimination in a health care setting

Answer 31

views of health care providers towards individuals with obesity

inappropriate communication to patients with obesity,

biased decision-making in providing health care to patients with obesity

Question 32

What are two types of stigma

Answer 32

Self-stigma

Perceived stigma