Gender Health Inequalities Flashcards
Define gender
Often expressed in terms of masculinity and femininity, gender is largely culturally determined and is assumed from the sex assigned at birth
Define sexual orientation
A person’s sexual attraction to other people, or lack thereof. Along with romantic orientation, this forms a person’s orientation identity.
The romantic or sexual attraction to people of a specific gender
Define sex
Assigned to a person on the basis of primary sex characteristics (genitalia) and reproductive functions. Sometimes the terms ‘sex’ and ‘gender’ are interchanged to mean ‘male’ or ‘female
what are male and female categories used for
- they are used to describe the biological features of the human body
- social characteristics
what do patients with klinefelters have in terms of a genetic disorder
they have an extra X chromosome
What is gender identity
Refers to a person’s innate felt sense of being male or female (sometimes both or neither).
what Foucault suggest
looking for the ‘true’ self is like looking into a mirror image of infinite regress
What is gender expression
External, based on individual and societal expectations and conceptions.
Everything that communicates our gender to others – clothing, hairstyles, body language, mannerisms, how we speak, how we play, and our social interactions and roles
Expression depends on context
what is gender variance/gender non conformity
behaviours and interests that fit outside what is considered ‘normal’ for a child or adult’s assigned biological sex e.g. tom boy
What is gender dysphoria
- a condition where a person experiences discomfort or distress because there’s a mismatch between their biological sex and gender identity.It’s sometimes known as gender identity disorder (GID), gender incongruence or transgenderism.
What is transgender
Gender identity does not match their assigned birth sex
Anyone whose identity or behaviour falls outside stereotypical gender norms
What is gender fluidity
- more flexible range of gender expressions with interests and behaviours that can change from day to day
- not confined to boundaries of sterotypical expectations of men and women
What is non binary
An umbrella term for people whose gender identity doesn’t sit comfortably with ‘man’ or ‘woman’. Non-binary identities are varied and can include people who identify with some aspects of binary identities, while others reject them entirely.
what is genderqueer
Genderqueer people embrace a fluidity of gender expression that is not limiting.
May not identify as male or female, but as both, neither, or as a blend.
when does gender construction start
- starts with an assignment of a sex category on the basis of what genital look like at birth
- have gender imposed on them throughout childhood
what is gender seen as
Gender is seen as an institution and socially constructed
what are gender differences used to justify
Gender difference used to justify sexual stratification
What have gender studies found
Gender is seen as an institution and socially constructed
Gender difference used to justify sexual stratification
Unless we see difference, we cannot justify inequality.
The continuing purpose of gender as a modern social institution is to construct women as a group to be subordinate to men
This presumption - the creation of difference - is the very foundation on which inequality rests.
what is the differences in mortality and morbidity between women and men in the UK
Within the UK, women have a lower levels of mortality than men, but they have higher levels of morbidity – chronic pain, high blood pressure, diabetes.
- women have lower health expectancy but higher life expectancy
what are the type of difference in health outcomes for different genders
life expectancy
coronary heart disease
mental health and emotional issues
overweight and obesity
cancer
sexually transmitted infections
auto-immune illnesses, for example diabetes and multiple sclerosis.
Only people with a cervix can get cancer of the cervix for example, while only people with a prostate gland can get cancer of the prostate.
The capacity to become pregnant and give birth means that people who have transitioned have additional needs for care both in sickness and in health.
describe the statistics to do with mental health issues and the LGBT community
52% of young LGBT peoplereported self-harm either recently or in the past compared to 25% of heterosexual non-trans young people
44% of young LGBT people have considered suicide compared to 26% of heterosexual non-trans young people.
3% of gay men have attempted to take their own life; 5% of black and minority ethnic men, 5% of bisexual men and 7% of gay and bisexual men with a disability. In the same period, 0.4% of all men attempted to take their own life (Gay Men’s Health Survey, 2013)
In the last year, 5% of lesbians and 7% bisexual women say they have attempted to take their own life. This increases to 7% of black and minority ethnic women and 10% of lesbians and bisexual women with a disability (Prescription for change, 2008).
11% of trans people had thought about ending their lives at some point in the last year; 33% had attempted to take their life more than once in their lifetime, 3% attempting suicide more than 10 times (Trans Mental Health Study, 2012).
what inequalities do lesbian women, bisexual women and women who have sex with women experience
Cancer outcomes
Long-term neurological problems
Musculoskeletal issues
Teenage conception
Asthma
Higher rates of health risk behaviours: smoking, stress, inactivity
what can inequalities lead to
Income and employment
Domestic violence and sexual assault
Homelessness and housing
what is the bem sex role inventory (BSRI)
The Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI) is a measure of masculinity and femininity, and is used to research gender roles
What does the bem sex role inventory (BSRI) not assume
The BSRI does not assume that sex and gender (the biological and the social) are coincidental.
It requires participants to endorse a series of characteristics which have been judged to be stereotypical of men (masculine) or women (feminine).
what are high masculinity scores associated with versus high femininity scores
High ‘masculinity’ scores were associated with better health, and conversely, high ‘femininity’ scores with poorer health, for both men and women.
This result was interpreted as reflecting the high social value and related benefits that can accrue from a more ‘masculine’ gender-role orientation.
what is the association between violence and men the result of
- social construction of masculinity
- social ideals of manhood include emphases on power and control
- violent masculinities also reflect social marginalistion and disadvantage
What is the ecological model of IPV
Societal factors
- unequal position of women
- poverty
- normative use of violence
Community factors
- acceptance of traditional gender roles
- normative use violence
- weak community sanctions
Relationship/family factors
- man has multiple sexual partners
- martial dissatisfaction
- low or different level of education
Individual factors
- affecting women risk of being abused = young age, low level of education, maltreatment as a child, depression
- affecting mens risk of abusing = low income, low level of education, being sexually abused or witnessing violence as a child
what is the most and biggest risk of domestic violence
- being a women
89% of people…
89% of people who suffer 4 or more domestic violence assaults lifetime are women (Walby & Allen 2004)
how many Multi Agency Risk Assessment Conference (MARAC) are women
95% MARAC* cases female
What is a multi agency risk assessment conference (MARAC)
Multi Agency Risk Assessment Conference (MARAC)is a victim focused information sharing and risk management meeting attended by all key agencies, where high risk cases are discussed
when will PrEP be routinely available
15th March 2020 - PrEP will be routinely available across England as part of the government’s aim to end HIV transmission by 2030.
Figures show that HIV transmissions in gay and bisexual men have fallen by 71.4% since 2014.
