Gender Health Inequalities

Question 1

Define gender

Answer 1

Often expressed in terms of masculinity and femininity, gender is largely culturally determined and is assumed from the sex assigned at birth

Question 2

Define sexual orientation

Answer 2

A person’s sexual attraction to other people, or lack thereof. Along with romantic orientation, this forms a person’s orientation identity.

The romantic or sexual attraction to people of a specific gender

Question 3

Define sex

Answer 3

Assigned to a person on the basis of primary sex characteristics (genitalia) and reproductive functions. Sometimes the terms ‘sex’ and ‘gender’ are interchanged to mean ‘male’ or ‘female

Question 4

what are male and female categories used for

Answer 4

• they are used to describe the biological features of the human body
• social characteristics

Question 5

what do patients with klinefelters have in terms of a genetic disorder

Answer 5

they have an extra X chromosome

Question 6

What is gender identity

Answer 6

Refers to a person’s innate felt sense of being male or female (sometimes both or neither).

Question 7

what Foucault suggest

Answer 7

looking for the ‘true’ self is like looking into a mirror image of infinite regress

Question 8

What is gender expression

Answer 8

External, based on individual and societal expectations and conceptions.

Everything that communicates our gender to others – clothing, hairstyles, body language, mannerisms, how we speak, how we play, and our social interactions and roles

Expression depends on context

Question 9

what is gender variance/gender non conformity

Answer 9

behaviours and interests that fit outside what is considered ‘normal’ for a child or adult’s assigned biological sex e.g. tom boy

Question 10

What is gender dysphoria

Answer 10

• a condition where a person experiences discomfort or distress because there’s a mismatch between their biological sex and gender identity.It’s sometimes known as gender identity disorder (GID), gender incongruence or transgenderism.

Question 11

What is transgender

Answer 11

Gender identity does not match their assigned birth sex

Anyone whose identity or behaviour falls outside stereotypical gender norms

Question 12

What is gender fluidity

Answer 12

• more flexible range of gender expressions with interests and behaviours that can change from day to day
• not confined to boundaries of sterotypical expectations of men and women

Question 13

What is non binary

Answer 13

An umbrella term for people whose gender identity doesn’t sit comfortably with ‘man’ or ‘woman’. Non-binary identities are varied and can include people who identify with some aspects of binary identities, while others reject them entirely.

Question 14

what is genderqueer

Answer 14

Genderqueer people embrace a fluidity of gender expression that is not limiting.
May not identify as male or female, but as both, neither, or as a blend.

Question 15

when does gender construction start

Answer 15

• starts with an assignment of a sex category on the basis of what genital look like at birth
• have gender imposed on them throughout childhood

Question 16

what is gender seen as

Answer 16

Gender is seen as an institution and socially constructed

Question 17

what are gender differences used to justify

Answer 17

Gender difference used to justify sexual stratification

Question 18

What have gender studies found

Answer 18

Gender is seen as an institution and socially constructed

Gender difference used to justify sexual stratification

Unless we see difference, we cannot justify inequality.

The continuing purpose of gender as a modern social institution is to construct women as a group to be subordinate to men

This presumption - the creation of difference - is the very foundation on which inequality rests.

Question 19

what is the differences in mortality and morbidity between women and men in the UK

Answer 19

Within the UK, women have a lower levels of mortality than men, but they have higher levels of morbidity – chronic pain, high blood pressure, diabetes.

• women have lower health expectancy but higher life expectancy

Question 20

what are the type of difference in health outcomes for different genders

Answer 20

life expectancy

coronary heart disease

mental health and emotional issues

overweight and obesity

cancer

sexually transmitted infections

auto-immune illnesses, for example diabetes and multiple sclerosis.

Only people with a cervix can get cancer of the cervix for example, while only people with a prostate gland can get cancer of the prostate.

The capacity to become pregnant and give birth means that people who have transitioned have additional needs for care both in sickness and in health.

Question 21

describe the statistics to do with mental health issues and the LGBT community

Answer 21

52% of young LGBT peoplereported self-harm either recently or in the past compared to 25% of heterosexual non-trans young people

44% of young LGBT people have considered suicide compared to 26% of heterosexual non-trans young people.

3% of gay men have attempted to take their own life; 5% of black and minority ethnic men, 5% of bisexual men and 7% of gay and bisexual men with a disability. In the same period, 0.4% of all men attempted to take their own life (Gay Men’s Health Survey, 2013)

In the last year, 5% of lesbians and 7% bisexual women say they have attempted to take their own life. This increases to 7% of black and minority ethnic women and 10% of lesbians and bisexual women with a disability (Prescription for change, 2008).

11% of trans people had thought about ending their lives at some point in the last year; 33% had attempted to take their life more than once in their lifetime, 3% attempting suicide more than 10 times (Trans Mental Health Study, 2012).

Question 22

what inequalities do lesbian women, bisexual women and women who have sex with women experience

Answer 22

Cancer outcomes

Long-term neurological problems

Musculoskeletal issues

Teenage conception

Asthma

Higher rates of health risk behaviours: smoking, stress, inactivity

Question 23

what can inequalities lead to

Answer 23

Income and employment

Domestic violence and sexual assault

Homelessness and housing

Question 24

what is the bem sex role inventory (BSRI)

Answer 24

The Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI) is a measure of masculinity and femininity, and is used to research gender roles

Question 25

What does the bem sex role inventory (BSRI) not assume

Answer 25

The BSRI does not assume that sex and gender (the biological and the social) are coincidental.

It requires participants to endorse a series of characteristics which have been judged to be stereotypical of men (masculine) or women (feminine).

Question 26

what are high masculinity scores associated with versus high femininity scores

Answer 26

High ‘masculinity’ scores were associated with better health, and conversely, high ‘femininity’ scores with poorer health, for both men and women.

This result was interpreted as reflecting the high social value and related benefits that can accrue from a more ‘masculine’ gender-role orientation.

Question 27

what is the association between violence and men the result of

Answer 27

• social construction of masculinity
• social ideals of manhood include emphases on power and control
• violent masculinities also reflect social marginalistion and disadvantage

Question 28

What is the ecological model of IPV

Answer 28

Societal factors

• unequal position of women
• poverty
• normative use of violence

Community factors

• acceptance of traditional gender roles
• normative use violence
• weak community sanctions

Relationship/family factors

• man has multiple sexual partners
• martial dissatisfaction
• low or different level of education

Individual factors

• affecting women risk of being abused = young age, low level of education, maltreatment as a child, depression
• affecting mens risk of abusing = low income, low level of education, being sexually abused or witnessing violence as a child

Question 29

what is the most and biggest risk of domestic violence

Answer 29

• being a women

Question 30

89% of people…

Answer 30

89% of people who suffer 4 or more domestic violence assaults lifetime are women (Walby & Allen 2004)

Question 31

how many Multi Agency Risk Assessment Conference (MARAC) are women

Answer 31

95% MARAC* cases female

Question 32

What is a multi agency risk assessment conference (MARAC)

Answer 32

Multi Agency Risk Assessment Conference (MARAC)is a victim focused information sharing and risk management meeting attended by all key agencies, where high risk cases are discussed

Question 33

when will PrEP be routinely available

Answer 33

15th March 2020 - PrEP will be routinely available across England as part of the government’s aim to end HIV transmission by 2030.

Figures show that HIV transmissions in gay and bisexual men have fallen by 71.4% since 2014.