Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HSPH > Life Course Perspective on Public Health > Flashcards

Life Course Perspective on Public Health Flashcards

1
Q

What is the major body that releases news in relation to medical news

A

Public health England

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what underpins public health England’s strategic plan

A
  • reducing the inequalities in all that they do
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are health inequalities

A

Health inequalities are the unjust and avoidable differences in people’s health

WHO = Health inequalities can be defined as differences in health status or in the distribution of health determinants between different population groups.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are health inequities

A

Health inequities are avoidable inequalities in health between groups of people within countries and between countries. These inequities arise from inequalities within and between societies.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What do health inequities arise form

A

Health inequities arise from health inequalities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the world health organisation priorities

A
  • Health for all
  • Health emergencies
  • Women, children, adolescents
  • The health impacts of climate and environmental change
  • A transformed WHO
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the open working group sustainable development goals

A

Achieve universal health coverage

Maternal deaths: Target MMR of 50/100,000 live births

Access to family planning

Child/Infant mortality: below 20/1,000 IMR all countries

End epidemics: HIV/AIDS, TB, malaria, neglected tropical diseases

Noncommunicable diseases mortality: 30% reduction

Include mental health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Why are there open working group sustainable development goals chosen

A
  • They are chosen because they are specific indicators of the health of the soceity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the economic benefits of investing in health

A
  • investment in economic prosperity

- healthier, educated population boosts economic productivity of individuals and economic group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how much does the UK spend per person on healthcare

A

In 2017 the UK spent £2,989 per person on healthcare,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the median for members of the organisation for economic co=operation and development for health care per person

A

Median for members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development: OECD (£2,913 per person).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why is the US spend so much on health care per person

A
  • this is because they are privatized, lots of money goes to the administrations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the GDP that the uK spends on healthcare

A

As a percentage of GDP, UK healthcare spending fell from 9.8% in 2013 to 9.6% in 2017, while healthcare spending as a percentage of GDP rose for four of the remaining six G7 countries.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

the more that you spend on healthcare…

A

the better the healthcare becomes as a nation - except the US

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what 4 things account for the largest expenditure in the world

A
  • cigarettes - 50 billion
  • alcohol - 105 billion
  • narcotics drugs - 400 billion
  • Military spending - 780 billion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how much is spent globally in dollars on

  • basic education
  • water and sanitation
  • reproductive health for all women
  • basic health and nutrition
A
  • basic education = 6 billion
  • water and sanitation - 9 billion
  • reproductive health for all women = 12 billion
  • basic health and nutrition = 13 billion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How much tax revenue does tobacco bring in in tax revenue versus how much it costs the NHS

A

tax revenue = 12 billion

costs the nHS between 3 billion and 6 billion pounds for the NHS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How much is the tax on cigarettes and what types of tax is applied to cigarettes

A

Pre tax - £1.24
tobacco duties - £4.70
VAT - £1.19

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Define the cause of disease

A

The CAUSE OF DISEASE is a factor that is associated with the incidence of the disease so that if the intensity or prevalence of the factor in a population changes, the incidence of the disease changes in ways that cannot be explained by changes in other factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Define prevalence

A

– the proportion of a population who has the condition at any one time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Define incidence

A

– the number of new cases or the probability of occurrence of a given medical condition in a population within a specified period of time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

define risk factors

A

Risk factors are variables associated or correlated with an increased incidence of disease or infection

Association and correlation do not necessarily mean causation

Both the probability of an factor occurring and the severity of impact (not everyone is affected in the same way)

23
Q

Give some examples of risk factors

A
  • Nutritional = e.g. managing diabetes
  • socioeconomic status - lower socioeconomic areas have a lack of nutrition so you either have food desert or food insecurity.
  • Environmental
  • Epigenetic
  • Road Traffic Accidents
  • Social isolation
  • Overexposure to the sun
24
Q

What is the main approach to prevention of disease

A
  • in terms of reducing peoples susceptibility to chronic illness you tend to look at risk factors and try to reduce the risk factors
25
Q

What is a food desert

A

this is a lack of nutritional food in the area

26
Q

What is food insecurity

A

Food insecurity - this is when you cannot afford the food therefore you go without food or buy cheap food such as fast food

27
Q

What factors influence health status and determine health differentials or health inequalities

A

Natural, biological factors, such as age, gender and ethnicity;

Behaviour and lifestyles, such as smoking, alcohol consumption, diet and physical exercise;

Physical and social environment, including housing quality, the workplace and the wider urban and rural environment;

access to healthcare

28
Q

What are determinants of health

A

Often used as a synonym for risk specifically in community health policy

29
Q

What are the 4 key steps of risk assessment

A
  • Hazard identification
  • dose response assessment
  • exposure assessment
  • risk characterization
30
Q

describe the model at looking about epigenetic changes

A
  • Have environmental exposures across life stages
  • molecular sensors - epigenetic changes and genetic changes
  • observable phenotypes and biomarkers that can be targeted
  • disease prevention
31
Q

What are the major challenges for health services

A
  • Chronic disease
  • Long term conditions
  • multimorbidty
  • Increasing gap between those with the worst health and those with the best health
32
Q

What is the definition of a long term chronic illness

A

Long-term conditions or chronic diseases are conditions for which there is currently no cure, and which are managed with drugs and other treatment, for example: diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, arthritis and hypertension.

33
Q

give examples of chronic illnesses

A

Long term condition

Chronic illness

Chronic condition

Chronic diseases

Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs)

34
Q

How many deaths are non communicable diseases responsible for

A

Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), including heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes and chronic lung disease, are collectively responsible for almost 70% of all deaths worldwide.

35
Q

Give examples of non communicable diseases

A

including heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes and chronic lung disease

36
Q

Who are long term conditions more prevalent in

A
  • Long-term conditions are more prevalent in older people (58 per cent of people over 60 compared to 14 per cent under 40)
  • more deprived groups (people in the poorest social class have a 60 per cent higher prevalence than those in the richest social class and 30 per cent more severity of disease).
37
Q

How much do long term conditions cost

A

Treatment and care for people with long-term conditions is estimated to take up around £7 in every £10 of total health and social care expenditure

38
Q

How many GP appointments, outpatient appointments and inpatient bed days do long term conditions cause

A
  • about 50 per cent of all GP appointments
  • 64 per cent of all outpatient appointments
  • over 70 per cent of all inpatient bed days.
39
Q

when do people who live in deprived area experience multiple health problems

A

Some people living in a deprived area will have multiple health problems 10 – 15 years earlier than people in affluent areas.
- the most deprived have a high prevalence of long term health conditions than the affluent people

40
Q

describe the number the long term health conditions that unskilled workers have in comparison to professional groups

A

Unskilled labourers suffer from LTC’s more than those from professional groups (52% vs 33%)

41
Q

what is the biggest cluster of long term health conditions

A
  • pain
  • diabetes
  • COPD
42
Q

Most prominent co-morbidities in people from both backgrounds…..

A

Most prominent co-morbidities in people from both backgrounds but higher prevalence in those from deprived areas

43
Q

how much has cardiovascular deaths decreased by

A

For males, the death rates from heart disease (ischaemic heart disease) and stroke (cerebrovascular disease) have reduced by about 50% since 2001

44
Q

what has there been a increase in the death rate

A
  • increase in the death rate from dementia and Alzheimer’s of more than 60%
  • deaths from liver disease have increased by 12%
45
Q

How much as lung cancer deaths fallen by

A
  • lung cancer deaths have reduced by almost 1/3
46
Q

define healthy life expectancy

A

the number of years lived in self-assessed good health)

47
Q

What is the biopsychosocial model of the disease

A

includes:
- Biology - age, sex, disease state
- Psychology - attitudes/beliefs, mood states
- Social - work, family, peers, relationship, socioeconomic status
- Environment - school, work place, social norms

48
Q

What is the idea of the biopsychosocial model of disease

A

Behaviours, thoughts and feelings may influence a physical state.

Disputed idea that only the biological factors of health and disease are worthy of study and practice.

Argued that psychological, social & environmental factors influence biological functioning and play a role in health and illness also.

49
Q

What do you have to think about when living with a chronic illness

A

How do people respond to diagnosis?

How does it affect someone’s identity?

How do people manage their condition?

What resources help them to cope?

50
Q

what does a serious chronic illness lead to

A

Loss of self

  • restricted lives
  • social isolation
  • being discredited
  • feeling of burdening others
51
Q

What are the implications for doctor-patient relationship for the doctor and patient

A

doctor – interested in explaining the aetiology of the disease

patient – trying to make sense of the disruption caused by the disease

52
Q

What are the challenges for doctors

A

Management

  • non adherence
  • lifestyle change
  • burden of treatment for patient
  • communicating with patient
  • co-mordbities
  • co-ordiantion of health care

Prevention

  • lifestyle change
  • exercise, diet, smoking
  • communication
  • self management
53
Q

What are the policy for individual health and lifestyle choice

A

Mismatch between health professional training and patient experience
Tension between government policy and reality of peoples’ lives e.g.poverty
Different models in use depending on perspective – global, national, clinical, individual
Acknowledging we do not know the whole story of health and illness at macro level

54
Q

Describe does the adverse childhood experiences (ACEs)

A
  • adverse child experiences
  • disrupted neurodevelopment
  • social, emotional and cognitive impairment
  • adoption of health-risk behaviours
  • disease, disability and social problems
  • early death

HSPH (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions