Exploring a Population Health Evidence for Ethnic Differences Flashcards
What are the causes of disease
The CAUSE OF DISEASE is a factor that is associated with the incidence of the disease so that if the intensity or prevalence of the factor in a population changes, the incidence of the disease changes in ways that cannot be explained by changes in other factors.
What is ethnicity
A group that regards itself, or is regarded by others, as a distinct community by virtue of certain characteristics that will help to distinguish the group from the surrounding community.
A long shared history, of which the group is conscious as distinguishing it from other groups, and the memory of which it keeps alive
A cultural tradition of its own, including family and social customs and manners, often but not necessarily associated with religious observance
What is a black box epidemiology
insufficient understanding of causal mechanisms
What is race
Socially constructed concept (people make it up) used to differentiate groups of people biologically on the basis of supposed differences in their genetic make-up
Usually reflects relatively superficial characteristics such as skin colour and facial features
What is racism (Macpherson Report, 1999)
Racism in general terms consists of our conduct or words or practices which disadvantage or advantage people because of their colour, culture, or ethnic origin. In its more subtle form it is as damaging as in its overt form.
What are the ways in which racism can happen
Racism can be direct, indirect or institutional
What is institutional racism
those established laws, customs and practices which systematically reflect and produce racial inequalities in society. If racist consequences accrue to institutional laws, customs or practices, the institution is racist whether or not the individuals maintaining those practices have racial intentions
Describe diabetes percentage amounts in different groups
DM was 3.5% in Whites,
11% in S Asians
8% Black groups
Who is in blood pressure higher in
BP > 150/90 higher in Black and S Asian patients (22%, 16%)
Who is chronic kidney worse in
CKD (stages 3-5) > in Whites
Severity (stages 4 & 5) > Black and S Asian patients
Who is proteinuria worse in
Proteinuria also higher in Black and S Asian patients
What are the diabetes NICE guidelines
When caring for older adults with type 2 diabetes, particular consideration should be given to their broader health and social care needs. Older people are more likely to have co-existing conditions and to be on a greater number of medicines. Their ability to benefit from risk-reduction interventions in the longer term may also be reduced.
Younger adults used for research
Treatment and care should take into account individual needs and preferences. Patients should have the opportunity to make informed decisions about their care and treatment, in partnership with their healthcare professionals.
What can prevent people from accessing health care
- Language barrier
- previous negative experience
How can you explain health inequalities
Genetic/biological differences
Culture and health behaviours
Socio-economic factors (social inequality)
Racism/discrimination
Healthcare – access and quality
Name the percentage of families that make up low household income
21% White families 30% Indian families 31% Black Caribbean families 68% Bangladeshi/Pakistani families 49% Black Other families
