Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HSPH > Before exam > Flashcards

Before exam Flashcards

1
Q

which way does the leg rotate when it is dislocated vs when it is fractured

A

Dislocated
- internally rotated
Fractures
- externally rotated and shortened

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the difference between genu valgus v varum

A

Valgum - inwards

Varum - outwards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

whats the difference between herbdens and bouchards nodes

A

Herbedens - DIP

Bounchards - PIP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

name the layers of the skin

A 
Stratum corenum 
stratum lucideum 
Stratum granulosum 
stratum spinosum 
stratum basale
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what technique is used for

  • CHD
  • club foot
  • SUFE
  • Osgood- Shalters
  • toe walking
A
  • CHD = pavlik harness
  • want to wait two to 8 weeks to see if it will resolve
  • Closed reduction and immobilization in Pavlik harness
  • keep the Hip flexed and abducted while still allowing movement
  • In harness for at least 6 weeks full-time and 6 weeks part-time 80-95% success
  • can use the ultrasound to see if the hip is relocating
  • If hip not reduced in 3 weeks then alternative needed
  • can cause avascular necrosis and femoral nerve palsies
  • club foot = Ponsetti treatment = Ponseti method – manipulative technique to correct clubfoot without invasive surgery - repetitive plasting over weeks, so you can reshape into a normal condition - after this fixed plaster class requires abduction of the foot brace thus keeping the position of the ankle and foot in the normal positive - in this full time for 24 hours a day for 12 weeks and then every night up to the age of 4
  • SUFE
    Rest
    Analgesia
    Surgery
  • Closure of epiphyseal growth plate (screws)
  • Followed by corrective osteotomy if required
  • Osgood- Shalters
  • rest
  • toe walking - Castingthe foot and ankle for about 6 weeks to help stretch calf muscles, Physiotherapy, Surgery to release tight calf muscles

Perthes disease
If child young (under 5) or in mild cases
- Observation
- physiotherapy
- Bed rest
- Plaster casts or braces
- Abduction to keep femoral head in acetabulum
For older children
- Surgery = Osteotomy - length the femoral head to reduce leg length discrepancy

Blounts 
Conservative
- Brace
Surgical
- Early onset
- When brace fails
- Osteotomy 
- Gradual distraction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe what happens in pagets disease

A

phase 1

  • initial increase rate of bone reabsorption and there is a large number of giant osteoclasts
  • they remove a lot of bone this leads to osteoblast becoming more active

phase 2

  • compensatory phase/proliferative
  • increase bone formation
  • acclearated deposition in disorganised manner
  • lots of woven bone being laid down

phase 3

  • burnout phase/sclerotic
  • bone hypercellularity may diminish leaving paretic bone
  • hypervascular bone marrow
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

name the differnet types of hypersnesitivty reaction

A

type 1 - mast cell
type 2 - cytotoxic
type 3 - immune complex
type 4 - deylated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

name the rotator cuff muscles and what they do

A
  • supraspinatus -Abducts the arm 0-15o, and assists deltoid for 15-90o
  • infraspinatus - Laterally rotates the arm
  • subscapularis - Medially rotates the arm
  • Teres minor - Laterally rotates the arm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is bamboo spine present in

A

ankylosing spondylitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How do you diagnose congenital hip dysplasia

A

Barlow test - adduct and dislocate

Ortolani test - abduct and relocate

Galeazzi sign - push both knees downwards to check to see if they shortern

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

describe how you would diagnose CHD on a radiography

A

Hilgenreiner’s line (plus acetabular index line) - goes through the epiphyseal growth plate in the pelvis on both sides

acetabular index line - superior lateral across the ilium part of the acetabulum and it intersects and you measure the angle

Perkins line

  • better visualised cue
  • goes from the Superior lateral aspect of the acetabulum and vertical line straight Dom from there
  • looking for where the femoral head is in relation to that line
  • in a normal hip it should be medial to that line
  • in CHD it is lateral to that line
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Stages of perthes disease

A

phase 1 = Necrosis
phase 2 = fragementation
phase 3 = reossification
phase 4 = remodelling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does pagets disease look like

A

Irregular thickened trabeculae

Prominent cement lines

Bone marrow replaced by fibrovascular connective tissue

trabecular is filled in so looks like cement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what’s the difference between omphalocele and gastroschisis and exophalmos

A

Omphalocele / exomphalos (pronounced uhm-fa-lo-seal) is a birth defect of the abdominal (belly) wall. The infant’s intestines, liver, or other organs stick outside of the belly through the belly button. - covered by a thin sac

In gastroschisis, the opening is near the bellybutton (usually to the right) but not directly over it, like in omphalocele. Like in omphalocele, the opening allows the intestines to spill out but unlike omphalocele, the intestines are not covered by a thin sac.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what do V, VII, VIII do

A
  • the extrinsic pathway produces a small amount of thrombin by forming a small amount of Xa
  • The initially formed thrombin converts three other factors – V VIII, XI into their active forms Va VIIIa Xia
  • Xia then converts factor IX to IXa
  • VIIIA and Isa increases conversion of X to Xa
  • Va increases effective of the increased Xa
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what muscle causes a change in the tone of voice

A 
- cricothyroid 
Cricothyroid muscle:
Tilts the thyroid cartilage forwards
Tenses the vocal cords
Raises the pitch
  • thryoarytenoid
    Thyroarytenoid muscle and vocalis:
    Pulls the thyroid and arytenoid cartilages together
    Relaxes the vocal cords
    Lowers the pitch
    (Vocalis alters the mass and timbre of the cords)
17
Q

what is the above and below pectinae lines for

  • lympathetics
  • artery
  • venous drainage
A

Above

  • lympathetics - internal iliac
  • artery - inferior mesenteric artery
  • venous drainage - inferior mesenteric vein

Below

  • lympathetics - superficial inguinal lymph nodes
  • artery - internal pudendal artery
  • venous drainage - intenral pudendal vein
18
Q

what causes

  • turner syndrome
  • klinefelters
  • 46 XY
A
  • turner syndrome - Missing an X chromosome
  • klinefelters - 47XXY
  • 46 XY - disorder of sex development (DSD) is a condition in which an individual with one X chromosome and one Y chromosome in each cell, the pattern normally found in males, have genitalia that is not clearly male or female. Infants with this condition tend to have penoscrotal hypospadias, abnormal development of the testes, and reduced to no sperm production. - swyer syndrome
19
Q

what causes

  • turner syndrome
  • klinefelters
  • 46 XY
A
  • turner syndrome - Missing an X chromosome
  • klinefelters - 47XXY
  • 46 XY - disorder of sex development (DSD) is a condition in which an individual with one X chromosome and one Y chromosome in each cell, the pattern normally found in males, have genitalia that is not clearly male or female. Infants with this condition tend to have penoscrotal hypospadias, abnormal development of the testes, and reduced to no sperm production. - swyer syndrome
20
Q

what causes horizontal coding and vertical coding

A

In the utricles, hair cells are polarized (excited) towards the striola. Provides horizontal encoding.

Striola - - narrow central area of the utricular macula where the orientations of the tallest stereocilia and kinocilia change).
- Provides vertical encoding.

21
Q

how many genes make up an exome

A

The exome of the human genome consists of roughly 180,000 exons constituting about 1% of the total genome,

22
Q

46xy - poor pubertal hair grotwth, breasts, no pubic hair

A
  • disorder of sex development (DSD) is a condition in which an individual with one X chromosome and one Y chromosome in each cell, the pattern normally found in males, have genitalia that is not clearly male or female. Infants with this condition tend to have penoscrotal hypospadias, abnormal development of the testes, and reduced to no sperm production. - swyer syndrome
23
Q

what causes sperm to develop

A

testosterone

24
Q

What are the two types of declarative memory

A
  • episodic - personal episode’s in time and space
  • semantic - facts, meanings, concept and knowledge
  • these require conscious recall
25
Q

What is a type of non-declarative memory

A

procedural - skills and habits

- this does not require conscious recall as you automatically know how do to it

26
Q

what is social capital

A

Social capital is defined by the OECD as “networks together with. shared norms, values and understandings that facilitate co-operation within or among groups

27
Q

what is the definition of gender via stonewall

A

Often expressed in terms of masculinity and femininity, gender is largely culturally determined and is assumed from the sex assigned at birth.

gender identity - A person’s innate sense of their own gender, whether male, female or something else (see non-binary below), which may or may not correspond to the sex assigned at birth

28
Q

Phases of clinical trails

A

Phase 1
• To find a safe dose
• To decide how (treatment schedule) the new treatment should be given
• To see how the new treatment affects the human body
• To look for a signal of efficacy in certain types of cancer

Phase 2
• To assess the efficacy in a specific cancer type endpoints: response rates,
duration of response, overall survival
• To assess safety

Phase 3
• To compare the new treatment (or new use of a treatment) with the current standard treatment

Phase 4
- pharmacoviglience and long term side effects

29
Q

Name the weeks of bone healing

A

Fracture haematoma (6-8 hours)
- blood clot forms via the broken blood vessels
- 6-8 hours after the initial injury
- hypoxia is caused due to a lack of blood vessels as they are broken this lowers the pH and allows pro inflammatory neutrophils, lymphocytes and macrophages to move in and to take away necrotic bone cells, blood vessels and any dead cells to make the site nice and clean
- there is swelling and inflammation to dead bone cells at fracture site
fibrocartilaginous callus (lasts about 3 weeks)
lasts about 3 weeks
- new capillaries organise fracture haematoma into granulation tissue - procallus
- fibroblasts and osteogenic cells invade the procalllus
- make collagen fibres which connect ends together
- chondroblast begin to produce fibrocartilage
- Fibroblasts enter and differentiate as chondrocytes
- chondrocytes produce collagen that bridges fracture site cartilage and trabecular bone is laid down

bony callus (after 3 weeks and lasts abut 3-4 months)

  • bony callus forms as the bone starts to be made
  • osteoblasts make the woven bone which replaces the fibrocartilage

bone remodelling

  • Osteoclasts remodel woven bone into compact (lamellar) bone and trabecular bone
  • often there is no trace of fracture line on Xray

HSPH (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions