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A Level Psychology > the psychodynamic approach > Flashcards

the psychodynamic approach Flashcards

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1
Q

Freud developed the psychodynamic approach which assumes three things

A

List three assumptions of Freud’s psychodynamic approach: 1 Human behaviour has unconscious causes that we’re not aware of 2 From birth humans have a need to fulfil basic biological motivations 3 Childhood experiences are a really important influence on the development of adult personality and psychological disorders

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2
Q

Freud said there are three levels of consciousness

A

List Freud’s three levels of consciousness: 1 Conscious 2 Preconscious 3 Unconscious

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3
Q

What does the conscious level contain

A

This is what we are aware of at any given time for example what we are seeing hearing smelling or thinking

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4
Q

What does the preconscious level contain

A

This is made up of memories that we can recall when we want to for example we can recall our address phone number childhood memories or what we did at the weekend

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5
Q

What does the unconscious level contain

A

This is made up of memories desires and fears which cause us extreme anxiety and have therefore been ‘repressed’ or forced out of conscious awareness

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6
Q

Freud said there are three parts of the personality

A

Name the three parts of Freud’s personality structure: 1 Id 2 Ego 3 Superego

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7
Q

What is the id

A

The id is the selfish part of the personality that contains our innate aggressive and sexual instincts It wants to be satisfied by whatever means possible and obeys the pleasure principle It accounts for unreasonable behaviour and appears at birth

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8
Q

What is the ego

A

The ego exists in both the conscious and unconscious parts of the mind and acts as a rational part known as the reality principle It develops within the first three years after birth and balances the id and the superego to keep our behaviour in line

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9
Q

What is the superego

A

The superego is in both the conscious and unconscious parts of the mind This is the part of the mind that takes our morals into consideration and is involved in making us feel guilty It develops around four to five years of age

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10
Q

How can conflicts develop between the parts of the personality

A

Conflicts can develop between the id the ego and the superego if the id and the superego have opposing demands For exampleQuestion

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11
Q

What are the three levels of consciousness according to Freud

A

Conscious Preconscious and Unconscious

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12
Q

What is the conscious mind responsible for

A

Awareness of what we are seeing hearing smelling or thinking

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13
Q

What does the preconscious mind include

A

Memories that can be recalled when needed such as phone numbers childhood memories or past weekend activities

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14
Q

What is the role of the unconscious mind

A

It stores memories desires and fears that cause anxiety and are repressed influencing behaviour and dreams

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15
Q

What are the three parts of the personality according to Freud

A

Id Ego and Superego

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16
Q

What principle does the id follow

A

The pleasure principle

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17
Q

What principle does the ego follow

A

The reality principle

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18
Q

What does the superego represent

A

It represents morality and develops guilt based on internalized parental and societal values

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19
Q

What is Freud’s iceberg analogy

A

The id and superego are unconscious while the ego spans both conscious and unconscious levels like the tip of an iceberg above water

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20
Q

What mechanisms does the ego use to reduce anxiety caused by conflicts between the id and superego

A

Defense mechanisms such as repression denial and displacement

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21
Q

What is repression

A

Repression involves stopping unwanted thoughts or painful memories from becoming conscious

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22
Q

What is denial

A

Denial is the refusal to acknowledge threatening or unpleasant realities

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23
Q

What is displacement

A

Displacement redirects negative impulses onto someone or something else

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24
Q

What are the five stages of psychosexual development according to Freud

A

Oral Anal Phallic Latent and Genital

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25
Q

What happens in the oral stage of psychosexual development

A

Focus is on sucking behaviours from 0 to 18 months

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26
Q

What happens in the anal stage of psychosexual development

A

Focus is on keeping or discarding feces from 18 months to 3.5 years

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27
Q

What happens in the phallic stage of psychosexual development

A

Focus is on genital fixation including Oedipus and Electra complexes from 3.5 to 6 years

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28
Q

What happens in the latent stage of psychosexual development

A

Sexual urges are repressed from 6 years to puberty

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29
Q

What happens in the genital stage of psychosexual development

A

Awakened sexual urges from puberty onward

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30
Q

What is fixation according to Freud

A

When a child receives too much or too little pleasure at a psychosexual stage causing lasting personality traits

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31
Q

What example did Freud give for fixation

A

Weaning too early may result in traits such as nail-biting smoking or abnormal eating

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32
Q

What research method did Freud use in his psychoanalysis

A

Case studies to explore unconscious conflicts based on dreams and fears

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33
Q

What was the case study of Little Hans about

A

It focused on Hans’s phobia of horses interpreted as repressed Oedipal conflicts

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34
Q

What strengths does the psychodynamic approach have

A

Focuses on psychological causes of disorders offers therapy techniques links childhood to later development

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35
Q

What weaknesses does the psychodynamic approach have

A

Subjective interpretations unfalsifiable theories unscientific research methods and difficulty establishing cause and effectQuestion

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36
Q

What does the psychodynamic approach emphasize

A

The active nature of mental processes and their role in shaping personality and behaviour

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37
Q

What are the key assumptions of the psychodynamic approach

A

1 Human behaviour has unconscious causes 2 From birth humans have a need to fulfil basic biological motivations 3 Childhood experiences greatly influence adult personality and psychological disorders

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38
Q

How did Freud divide the mind into levels of consciousness

A

Conscious Preconscious and Unconscious

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39
Q

What is the role of the conscious mind

A

It contains everything we are aware of at any given moment such as thoughts feelings and perceptions

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40
Q

What is stored in the preconscious mind

A

Memories and information that can be retrieved when needed such as childhood events or addresses

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41
Q

Why is the unconscious mind significant

A

It stores repressed memories desires and fears influencing behaviour and dreams without conscious awareness

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42
Q

How does Freud explain the structure of personality

A

It is divided into three parts the id ego and superego

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43
Q

What does the id do

A

It contains innate instincts and operates on the pleasure principle seeking instant gratification

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44
Q

At what age does the id develop

A

It is present at birth

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45
Q

What role does the ego play

A

The ego acts as a rational mediator balancing the id and superego according to the reality principle

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46
Q

At what age does the ego develop

A

The ego develops within the first three years of life

47
Q

What is the purpose of the superego

A

It internalizes moral standards and induces feelings of guilt

48
Q

At what age does the superego develop

A

It develops between four and five years of age

49
Q

What analogy did Freud use to explain personality

A

Freud compared personality to an iceberg with the ego and superego partially visible in consciousness and the id fully submerged in the unconscious

50
Q

How do conflicts arise between the id ego and superego

A

The id demands instant gratification while the superego imposes moral standards causing anxiety that the ego mediates

51
Q

What defense mechanisms did Freud propose to resolve conflicts

A

Repression Denial and Displacement

52
Q

What is repression in Freud’s theory

A

The process of pushing distressing thoughts or memories into the unconscious

53
Q

What is denial in Freud’s theory

A

Refusal to accept reality or acknowledge threatening situations

54
Q

What is displacement in Freud’s theory

A

Redirecting negative impulses or feelings onto another person or object

55
Q

What are Freud’s five stages of psychosexual development

A

Oral Anal Phallic Latent and Genital

56
Q

What is the focus of the oral stage

A

Gratification through sucking behaviour from birth to 18 months

57
Q

What is the focus of the anal stage

A

Gratification through controlling bowel movements from 18 months to 3.5 years

58
Q

What is the focus of the phallic stage

A

Focus on genital awareness and development of the Oedipus and Electra complexes from 3.5 to 6 years

59
Q

What is the focus of the latent stage

A

Repression of sexual urges from 6 years to puberty

60
Q

What is the focus of the genital stage

A

Awakening of sexual urges and maturity during puberty and adulthood

61
Q

What happens if a child becomes fixated at a psychosexual stage

A

They may develop traits related to that stage such as smoking for oral fixation

62
Q

What is Freud’s theory of fixation

A

Fixation occurs when too much or too little gratification is experienced during a psychosexual stage

63
Q

How did Freud study unconscious conflicts

A

He used case studies like that of Little Hans to explore fears and repressed memories

64
Q

What was the Little Hans case study

A

Fear of horses was interpreted as repressed Oedipal conflict and fear of the father

65
Q

What were the findings of the Little Hans case study

A

Hans’s fear of horses symbolized his fear of castration by his father due to the Oedipus complex

66
Q

What strengths does the psychodynamic approach have

A

It was the first to focus on psychological causes of disorders links childhood experiences to adult development and offers methods like psychoanalysis

67
Q

What weaknesses does the psychodynamic approach have

A

It relies on subjective interpretations is unfalsifiable lacks scientific rigor and uses unrepresentative case studies

68
Q

Why are Freud’s methods criticized

A

They rely on retrospective analysis of memories dreams and interpretations making them unreliable

69
Q

What is the scientific limitation of Freud’s research

A

The lack of controlled experiments makes it difficult to establish cause and effect relationships

70
Q

How did Freud influence the study of mental health

A

He shifted the focus from supernatural causes to psychological and unconscious factors

71
Q

What is the unresolved criticism of Freud’s approach

A

The theories are difficult to test empirically and may not apply universally beyond the case studies usedQuestion

72
Q

What does the psychodynamic approach focus on

A

The active nature of mental processes and their role in shaping personality and behaviour

73
Q

What is Freud’s first assumption about human behaviour

A

Human behaviour has unconscious causes that we are not aware of

74
Q

What is Freud’s second assumption about human motivation

A

Humans have a basic need to fulfil biological motivations such as food sleep and water

75
Q

What is Freud’s third assumption about childhood

A

Childhood experiences strongly influence adult personality and psychological disorders

76
Q

What did Freud’s interest in hysteria lead him to propose

A

Hysteria symptoms with no physical cause are the result of unconscious thoughts

77
Q

What are Freud’s three levels of consciousness

A

Conscious Preconscious and Unconscious

78
Q

What does the conscious level contain

A

Things we are aware of at any moment such as hearing seeing or thinking

79
Q

What does the preconscious level contain

A

Memories and information that can be retrieved when needed such as addresses and childhood memories

80
Q

What does the unconscious level contain

A

Repressed memories fears and desires that are not accessible but influence behaviour and dreams

81
Q

What are Freudian slips

A

Accidental mistakes in speech that reveal unconscious thoughts

82
Q

How are Freudian slips connected to the unconscious

A

They are caused by unconscious thoughts momentarily surfacing

83
Q

What three parts make up Freud’s structure of personality

A

Id Ego and Superego

84
Q

What does the id operate on

A

The pleasure principle seeking immediate gratification

85
Q

What does the ego operate on

A

The reality principle balancing the id’s desires and the superego’s morality

86
Q

What is the superego’s role

A

To impose moral standards induce guilt and act as the moral compass

87
Q

How do the id and superego conflict

A

The id seeks instant satisfaction while the superego imposes moral restrictions

88
Q

How does the ego resolve conflicts between the id and superego

A

By using defense mechanisms to reduce anxiety

89
Q

What analogy explains the mind’s structure

A

Freud’s iceberg analogy with most of the mind below the surface in the unconscious

90
Q

What are defense mechanisms

A

Strategies used by the ego to protect against anxiety caused by conflicts

91
Q

What is repression

A

Repression stops unwanted painful thoughts from becoming conscious

92
Q

What is denial

A

Denial involves ignoring or refusing to accept a threatening reality

93
Q

What is displacement

A

Displacement redirects negative emotions or impulses onto something else

94
Q

What are Freud’s five psychosexual stages

A

Oral Anal Phallic Latent and Genital

95
Q

What happens during the oral stage

A

From 0 to 18 months pleasure is derived from sucking behaviour

96
Q

What happens during the anal stage

A

From 18 months to 3.5 years focus is on controlling bowel movements

97
Q

What happens during the phallic stage

A

From 3.5 to 6 years children focus on genital awareness and Oedipus or Electra complexes

98
Q

What happens during the latent stage

A

From 6 years to puberty sexual urges are repressed

99
Q

What happens during the genital stage

A

From puberty onward sexual urges awaken and are directed toward mature relationships

100
Q

What is fixation in Freud’s theory

A

Becoming stuck at a psychosexual stage due to too much or too little gratification

101
Q

What behaviours might result from oral fixation

A

Traits such as smoking nail-biting or overeating

102
Q

What is the Oedipus complex

A

When a boy desires his mother and feels jealous of his father

103
Q

What is the Electra complex

A

When a girl desires her father and feels jealousy toward her mother

104
Q

What method did Freud use in his research

A

Case studies of patients exploring unconscious fears and conflicts

105
Q

What was Freud’s case study of Little Hans

A

Hans had a phobia of horses which Freud interpreted as a fear of his father due to the Oedipus complex

106
Q

What did Freud interpret Hans’s fear of horses as

A

Horses symbolized Hans’s fear of castration by his father

107
Q

What strengths does the psychodynamic approach have

A

Focus on psychological causes of disorders links childhood experiences to development and offers therapies like psychoanalysis

108
Q

What weaknesses does the psychodynamic approach have

A

Reliance on subjective methods unfalsifiable theories unscientific research and lack of generalizability

109
Q

Why is Freud’s research method criticized

A

Case studies cannot be generalized and rely on subjective interpretations

110
Q

Why are Freud’s theories considered unscientific

A

They cannot be tested or falsified and lack empirical evidence

111
Q

What is a practical limitation of Freud’s theories

A

They focus on the patient’s past rather than their current experience or environment

112
Q

What was a key contribution of the psychodynamic approach

A

It introduced psychological explanations for mental illness instead of supernatural causes

113
Q

What does fixation at the anal stage potentially lead to

A

Fixation may cause traits like excessive tidiness or stubbornness

114
Q

Why are Freud’s interpretations controversial

A

They are based on his personal observations and cannot be objectively verified

A Level Psychology (13 decks)

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